Breathing + Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the importance of a surface area to volume ratio?

A

As living organisms get bigger their surface area to volume ratio decreases which makes it difficult to exchange materials with the environment

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2
Q

What are the effects of a small surface area to volume ratio?

A

Gases and food molecules can no longer reach every cell inside the organism by simple diffusion, metabolic waste can’t be removed fast enough to avoid poisoning in the cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To ventilate the lungs to allow breathing

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4
Q

Where are your lungs found?

A

Upper part of your body, in the thorax

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5
Q

What protects your lungs?

A

Ribcage

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6
Q

What separates your lungs from digestive organs?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Why is the respiratory system important?

A

It takes air into and out of the body so that oxygen from air can diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide can diffuse out of the bloodstream into the air

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8
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move upwards and out
Diaphragm contracts/flattens
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in

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9
Q

What happens during the process of exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Ribs move in and downwards
Diaphragm relaxes (domes up)
Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure increases
Air moves out

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10
Q

How are alveoli in the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli have a large surface area, they have a rich blood supply due to blood capillaries, thin walls made of flattened cells.

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11
Q

When must artificial breathing aids be used?

A

When spontaneous breathing of patient is stopped due to disease or injury

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12
Q

What are the two main types of mechanical ventilators?

A

Negative pressure ventilators, positive pressure ventilators

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13
Q

What is the function of negative pressure ventilators?

A

Allow air to be drawn into the lungs which is exhaled passively as chest collapses down

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14
Q

How do negative pressure ventilators work?

A

Patient lays in a metal cylinder with head sticking out
There is tight seal around the neck
Air is pumped out of the chamber which lowers pressure inside to form a vacuum

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15
Q

What is the function of positive pressure ventilators?

A

They force a carefully measured breath into lungs to inflate them, air pressure stops and lungs deflate to force air out

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16
Q

How do positive pressure ventilators work?

A

They can be given by a face mask or a tube going down the trachea.

17
Q

What is the benefit of full scale positive pressure ventilators?

A

They help patients stay alive during major surgery

18
Q

What are the 2 types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

19
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Breaking down of glucose using oxygen

20
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

It is the breaking down of glucose without the presence of oxygen

21
Q

What is the word equation of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

22
Q

What is the symbol equation of aerobic respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

23
Q

In which organism does aerobic respiration take place?

A

It takes place continuously in both plants and animals

24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria

25
Q

How is the energy transfer during respiration used?

A

To build larger molecules from smaller ones
To enable muscle contraction in animals
To maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings in mammals and birds
To build up nutrients into amino acids so they they can build up into proteins

26
Q

What changes occur during exercise on a human body?

A

Heart rate increases, this increases blood flow to the muscles
Rate and depth of breathing increases
Glycogen stored in the muscles turns back into glucose

27
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen

28
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

29
Q

What is the symbol equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 —-> 2C3 H6 O3

30
Q

What happens when muscles respire anaerobically?

A

Lactic acid builds up due to the incomplete breakdown of glucose

31
Q

What is an oxygen debt?

A

An oxygen debt needs to be repaid to oxidize the lactic acid and turn it into carbon dioxide and water

32
Q

Which type of respiration requires more energy?

A

Aerobic respiration requires more energy as in anaerobic respiration the breakdown of glucose is incomplete

33
Q

Why do muscles become fatigued during vigorous activity?

A

The build up of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue, bloood flowing through the muscles removes the lactic acid

34
Q

What happens when anaerobic respiration takes place in plants/other microorganisms?

A

It results in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxids

35
Q

What is fermentation and its uses?

A

Fermentation is anaerobic respiration which takes place in plants and yeast cells. The products of fermentation are important in manufacturing of bread and alcoholic drinks