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breast and scrotal > Breast WB > Flashcards

Breast WB Flashcards

1
Q

The breast is a modified _____ gland located in the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall.

A

sweat

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2
Q

Sonographically the breast is divided into three layers located between the skin and the pectorials major muscle on the anterior chest wall. These layers are the ______ layer, the ______ layer and the ______ layer.

A

subcutaneous; mammary, retromammary

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3
Q

Fat is the least _____ tissue within the breast.

A

echogenic

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4
Q

The fatty tissue appears ______, whereas the ducts, gland, and supporting ligaments appear echogenic.

A

hypoechoic

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5
Q

The _______ quadrant of the breast contains the highest concentration of lobes.

A

upper outer

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6
Q

Each lobule contains _____ (milk-producing glands) that are clustered on the terminal ends of the ducts like grapes on a vine.

A

acini

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7
Q

The _______ muscle lies posterior to the retromammary layer.

A

pectoralis major

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8
Q

The _____ tissue can situate itself in and among the areas of glandular tissue, and in some scanning planes it can mimic isoechoic or hypechoic mass.

A

adipose or fat

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9
Q

Sonographically, cancers can be difficult to differentiate in the fatty breast because most cancers appear ______ and can be difficult to differentiate from the normal breast tissue.

A

hypoechoic

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10
Q

The main arterial supply to the breast comes form the internal ______ and the lateral ______ artery.

A

mammary; thoracic

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11
Q

Lymphatic drainage from all parts of the breast generally flows to the ______ lymph nodes.

A

axillary

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12
Q

The primary function of the breast is _____ transport.

A

fluid

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13
Q

The _____ system is critical in the transport of fluids within the breast.

A

ductal

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14
Q

An important function during the reproductive years is for the breast to make _______ from nutrients and water taken from the bloodstream.

A

milk

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15
Q

Milk is produced within the _______ and carried to the nipple by the ducts.

A

acini

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16
Q

Breast development begins before _______ and continues until the patient is approximately 16 years old.

A

menarche

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17
Q

During this time of development (menarche), the ductal system proliferates under the influence of _______.

A

estrogen

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18
Q

During pregnancy, acinar development is accelerated to enable milk production by estrogen, _______, and prolactin.

A

progesterone

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19
Q

The hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the acini to produce and excrete milk is called _______.

A

prolactin

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20
Q

The expulsion of the placenta after the birth of a baby causes a drop in circulating progesterone, initiating _______ production within the breast.

A

milk

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21
Q

The physical stimulation of suckling by the baby initiates the release of _______ (produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland), which further incites prolactin secretion, stimulating additional milk productoin.

A

oxygen

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22
Q

Full maturation of the acini occurs during lactation and is thought to be mildly protective against the development of breast _______.

A

cancer

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23
Q

Ultrasound may be used for screening purposes in _______ breast that are _______ and difficult to penetrate by mammography, to evaluate palpable masses that are not visible on a mammogram, and to image the deep juxtathoracic tissue not normally visible by mammography.

A

young; dense

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24
Q

Ultrasound is also useful in _______ structures within uniformly dense breast tissue where mammography is limited.

A

differentiate

25
Q

A _______ aspiration can be performed to determine whether a lesion is a complex cyst or truly a solid mass.

A

cyst

26
Q

What basic clinical information must the sonographer have for any patient referred for breast ultrasound?

A

patients agerisk factors for breast cancersymptoms, location and clinical impression for breast lump

27
Q

Pertinent clinical information that should be provided by the referring physician includes size and location of the lump, when it was noticed, and its relation to the _______.

A

menstrual cycle

28
Q

A dominant cyst is frequently _______ or _______ (long axis toward nipple), smooth, soft (some cysts under tension can be firm and are usually very tender), and easily movable.

A

round; oval

29
Q

Fibroadenoma are usually similar in shape, but they are often quite firm and rubbery in consistency and _______ on ultrasound.

A

homogeneous

30
Q

Breast cancer is usually lobular or _______ in shape, uneven in surface contour (sometimes grimy in texture), and fixed poorly movable.

A

irregular

31
Q

Most breast masses that arise during the adolescent years are _______.

A

fibroadenoma

32
Q

A _______ implant rupture occurs when there is breach of the membrane surrounding an implant, but the silicone that leaks out is still confined within the fibrous scar tissue that forms a “capsule” around the implant.

A

intracapsular

33
Q

As the implants collapses and the membrane folds inward, a series of discontinuous echoenic lines parallel to the face of the transducer may be seen and are referred to as the “stepladder sign” or “_______ sign”

A

linguine

34
Q

The use of the _______ postition is unique to the breast and can often pick up subtle abnormalities extending toward the nipple along the ductal system from the mass.

A

radial/ anteradial

35
Q

To be considered a simple cyst, a lesion must meet which three criteria on ultrasound?

A

devoid of internal echoes smooth inner margins w/ capsule posterior enhancement

36
Q

Discuss the disruption of breast architecture with both benign and malignant tumors of the breast.Benign

A

slow growingnoninvasive surrounding tissuegrow horizontally, parallel to chest wallcauses compression of the tissue adjacent to the mass

37
Q

Discuss the disruption of breast architecture with both benign and malignant tumors of the breast.Malignant

A

grow right through normal tissueas enlarge, causes retraction of the nipple or dimpling of the skin as the spiculations pull on Cooper’s ligament

38
Q

A rounded or oval shape is usually associated with _______ lesions, whereas sharp, angular margins are associated with _______ lesions.

A

benign; malignant

39
Q

The normal tissue planes of the breast are _______ oriented.

A

horizontally

40
Q

Benign lesions tend to grow within the normal tissue planes, and their long axis lies _______ to the chest wall.

A

parallel

41
Q

Malignant lesion are able to grow through the connective tissue and may have a _______ orientation when imaging the breast from anterior to posterior.

A

vertical

42
Q

If a mass measures longer in the anteroposterior dimension (_______) than in either transverse or sagittal plane (_______), the mass has a vertical orientation that is usually described as being “taller than wide” and is suspicious for malignancy.

A

height; width

43
Q

Malignant masses will often demonstrate increased _______ within the lesion and often have a feeder vessel, which can be identified with careful evaluation.

A

vascularity

44
Q

Lesions more common to younger women are _______ disease and fibroadenoma.

A

fibrocystic

45
Q

Older or post menopausal women are more likely to have _______ papillomas, duct ectasia, and cancer.

A

intraductal

46
Q

Skin dimpling or ulceration and nipple retraction nearly always results for _______.

A

cancer

47
Q

Benign tumors are rubbery, _______, and well delineated (as seen in fibroadenoma), whereas malignant tumors are often stone hard and irregular with a gritty feet.

A

mobile

48
Q

Clinical signs and symptoms of _______ include the lumps and pain that the patients feels that fluctuate with every monthly cycle. In most cases both breast are equally involved.

A

fibrocystic condition

49
Q

The growth of a fibroadenoma is stimulated _______.

A

estrogen

50
Q

Sonographically, fat necrosis appears as an irregular, complex mass with low level echoes, may mimic a _______ lesion, and may appear as fat, but is separate and different from the rest of the breast parenchyma.

A

malignant

51
Q

_______ may result from infection, trauma, mechanical obstruction in the breast ducts, or from other conditions. It often occurs during lactation, beginning in the lactiferous ducts and spreading via lymphatics or blood.

A

Acute mastoiditis

52
Q

An intraductal papilloma is a small, _______ tumor that grows within the acini of the breast.

A

Benign

53
Q

In _______ tissue, most cancer growth occurs along the borders.

A

fibrotic

54
Q

_______ and _______ are frequently used as pathways for new tumor development.

A

Lympthatics; blood vessels

55
Q

If the tumor is _______, it continuous to grow in one area, compressing and distorting the surrounding architecture.

A

encapsulated

56
Q

Most cancer originates in the _______ ductal lobular untis, whereas a smaller percentage originates in the glandular tissue

A

terminal

57
Q

_______ refers to breast tumors that arise from the epithelium, in the ductal and glandular tissue, and usually have tentacles.

A

Carcinoma

58
Q

Breast carcinomas are generally categorized by two factors; where the cancer cells originate ( _______ or _______ ) and whether the cancer is prone to spreading ( _______ or _______ ).

A

ductal; lobularinvasive; noninvasive

59
Q

Carcinoma that do not normally spread outside of the duct or lobule are called noninvasive, noninfiltrating, or _______ cancers, whereas cancers that spread into nearby tissue are said to be invasive or infiltrating.

A

in situs

breast and scrotal (5 decks)

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