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Semester 1 > Breast Lump > Flashcards

Breast Lump Flashcards

1
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Interchangeable change from one mature cell type to another typically in response to trauma

this is NOT cancer and is NOT pre-cancerous

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2
Q

define dysplasia

A

disordered function and maturation/differentiation of a tissue

part of the journey from normal to cancer - this IS premalignant

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3
Q

define neoplasia

A

the presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue

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4
Q

define heritability

A

the extend to which observed differences are due to genes

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5
Q

diseases associated with smoking

A
  • mutagenic (cancer)
  • inflammation (COPD)
  • nicotinic receptors (high BP and heart rate)
  • Endothelial damage
    CO levels - intrauterine growth retardation
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6
Q

What is neoadjuvant treatment

A

chemotherapy is given before the surgery to:

  • treat early metastatic disease
  • reduce extend of surgery - better functional and cosmetic result

examples:
- breast cancer
- oesophageal cancer
- osteogenic sarcoma

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7
Q

What is adjuvant treatment?

A

chemotherapy given after surgery to reduce risk of recurrence
not a guarantee of cure

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8
Q

what is palliative treatment

A
  • Not curative.
  • May help with symptoms due to cancer.
  • Balance of toxicity and benefit really important.
  • Not all patients will respond.
  • Some tumour types more sensitive than others
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9
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

this is also NOT cancer and it can combine with metaplasia

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10
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size which may increase size of the tissue

e.g. exercise causes biceps to increase

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11
Q

Define oncogene

A

An oncogene is a gene that pushes towards growth when you don’t want it to

tumor suppressor genes suppress these

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12
Q

What is meant by benign?

A

it cannot pass the basement membrane - therefore won’t infiltrate adjacent tissues

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13
Q

Potential problems with twin studies

A
  • Monozygotic twins share more ‘environment’ than dizygotic twins
  • Monozygotic twins may not have shared same uterine environment
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14
Q

what are the consequences of the metabolism of alcohol?

A
  • Acetaldehyde - carcinogenesis
  • Increases oestrogen levels
  • Decreases NAD levels - alters lipid metabolism
  • Reactive oxygen - damages lipid membranes
  • Decreases vitaminB levels
  • Depresses CNS function
  • Teratogenic
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15
Q

What is quantitative inheritance?

A

Complex disorders & continuous traits, are influenced by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors

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16
Q

what is the liability threshold model?

A
  • All the factors which influence the development of a multifactorial trait/ disorder can be considered as a single entity: liability
  • Liabilities of all individuals in a population form a continuous variable
  • Individuals on the right side of the line represent those with the disorder
17
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

• Any variation in the human genome that has a population frequency of greater than 1%

or

• Any variation in the human genome that does not cause a disease in its own right. It may however, predispose to a common disease. ie is a risk factor

18
Q

what are some of the different subtypes of breast cancer?

A 
– ER positive/HER-2 negative
– ‘Triple negative’
– HER-2 positive
– Lobular/Ductal/Metaplastic
– BRCA1/2-mutated
19
Q

what are the factors influencing breast surgery?

A

Triple assessment = clinical, pathological and radiological

20
Q

What is crucial to remember about chemotherapy?

A

• Mutations allow resistance to treatment.
• Heterogenous with regard to cell cycle: cancer stem cells
• Blood supply essential
• Many cytotoxic drugs are
cell cycle specific

21
Q

Features of chemotherapy

A
  • Time between doses allows normal tissues to recover (gut & marrow).
  • Pulsed intermittent therapy - cycles.
22
Q

what do the targeted treatments for cancer target?

A 
– Antibodies
– Immunomodulants/ hormone modulation 
– Gene therapy
– Growth factors
– Differentiation agents
– Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors
23
Q

What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

A
  • tumour lysis syndrome
  • bone marrow side-effects
  • GI side effects: nausea, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhoea, mucositis
  • fatigue
  • body image side effects
    peripheral neuropathy
24
Q

What are the risk factors of breast cancer?

A 
age
family history 
previous breast cancer/lump
dense breast tissue
hormones (e.g. HRT)
obesity
alcohol 
radiation
25
Q

Who will be screened for breast cancer?

A

Women between the ages of 50 and 70 are offered screening every 3 years

26
Q

What are VR-CoDES?

A
  • validated framework of clinician responses to emotional talk
  • Principal messages are that (a) recognizing emotions and (b) providing and reducing ‘space’ appear to be an important factors in managing these consultations
  • using images as well as words

Semester 1 (13 decks)

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