Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer care > Breast cancer > Flashcards

Breast cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the breast 2ww service for

A

All patients with a lump/discrete thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is involved in the breast triple assessment

A

History and examination

Imaging (mammography, ultrasound)

Biopsy (wide bore needle, fine needle aspiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Roughly what percentage of breast cancer patients are male

A

1 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the breast screening programme

A

Mammograms every 3 years

For women between 50 and 70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical categories based on the clinical examination section of a breast triple assessment

A

P1 - normal (no changes, symmetrical changes)

P2 - benign (well-defined mass, benign thickening)

P3 - uncertain (mass, thickening not clearly benign)

P4 - suspicious (ill defined mass with skin thickening/pectoral fixation, retracted nipple)

P5 - malignant (cancer certain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When are mammograms used in the triple assessment

A

For people > 35 (breasts not as dense)

Do not detect all cancers (lobular cancers missed)

Not ideal if using HRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical categories based on mammograms used as part of the breast triple assessment

A

M1 - normal

M2 - benign

M3 - intermediate

M4 - suspicious

M5 - malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is ultrasound used in the breast triple assessment

A

Not used for screening

Good for lumps and focal lesions

Differentiation between cyst and solid lesion

Differentiation between benign and malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinical categories based on ultrasound scans used as part of the breast triple assessment

A

U1 - normal

U2 - benign

U3 - uncertain

U4 - suspicious

U5 - malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is MRI used in breast triple assessment

A

Family history

Dense breasts

Young patients

Lobular cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of biopsy that can be taken in breast triple assessment

A

Fine needle aspiration

Core biopsy

Punch biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the primary lesion assessed in pre-op staging for breast cancer

A

MRI breast

Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the axilla assessed in pre-op staging for breast cancer

A

Ultrasound

Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are distant metastases screened for in the pre-op staging of breast cancer

A

Routine bloods

Calcium

Tumour markers (CA 15-3)

CT CAP

Bone scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is surgery used in breast cancer treatment

A

Primary form of therapy in most cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain chemotherapy as a form of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

A

Aims to reduce annual risk of relapse

All patients < 70 considered

Particularly useful in: young, lymph node positive, high grade, advanced disease

Common drugs: anthracycline, 5-FU, cyclophosphamide

Usually 4-6 cycles, every 3 weeks

Side effects: nausea, vomiting, alopecia, neutropenia

Usually starts 4-6 weeks after surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain immunotherapy as a form of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

A

20-25% overexpress HER-2 receptors

Use herceptin (monoclonal antibody, can cause heart failure)

18
Q

Explain radiotherapy as a form of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

A

Target lump

Target chest wall (high risk of recurrence)

Target supra-clavicular area (if >3 nodes positive)

19
Q

Explain the follow up involves after breast cancer treatment

A

Clinic follow up for 3 years (5 years if high risk of recurrence)

Annual mammograms for 5 years

Open access to breast clinic and breast care nurses

20
Q

What is the prognostic tool used for breast cancer, what does it involve

A

Nottingham prognostic index

Based on: tumour size, grade, lymph node status

21
Q

Explain normal breast development

A

Female breasts develop under influence of oestrogen and progesterone

Asymmetry is common

Regress after menopause

Between 2nd and 6th rib

Have 15-20 lobes

Supported by Cooper’s suspensory ligament

22
Q

Name the arteries that supply the breast

A

External mammary artery

Internal mammary artery

Intercostal artery

23
Q

What are the types of breast lumps by age of presentation

A

Cancer (risk increases with age)

Fibroadenoma (risk decreases with age, highest risk before 20)

Fibrocystic and cystic changes (peak around age 50)

24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A

Lump or thickening in breast (hard, irregular, fixed)

Usually painless

Nipple discharge/bleeding

Change in size or shape of breast

Change in size or colour of areola

Pitting of skin over breast

25
Q

What are fibrocystic breast changes

A

Non-cancerous

Very common in pre-menopausal women

Cause discomfort

Treatment rarely needed

26
Q

What are fibroadenomas

A

Most common benign breast tumour

In young women

Can have multiple lumps

If growing, excise

27
Q

What are breast cysts

A

Benign growths

If very large, aspirate

Usually multiple cysts

Commonly recur

28
Q

What are invasive carcinomas

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma (80%)

Invasive lobular carcinoma (10%)

Tubular

Papillary

Medullary

Mucinous

29
Q

What are in situ carcinomas

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

30
Q

How does breast cancer normally spread

A

Lymphatics

Vascular extension

Direct extension

31
Q

What are the common sites of metastases in breast cancer

A

Lung

Liver

Bone

Brain

Adrenals

Ovaries

32
Q

What are the hormonal treatments available for breast cancers

A

Oestrogen antagonists (tamoxifen)

Aromatase inhibitors (arimidex, letrozole, examestane)

33
Q

Explain oestrogen antagonists as a treatment for breast cancer

A

E.g. Tamoxifen

Block oestrogen receptors

Suitable for pre- and post-menopausal women

Increased risk of DVT

Increased risk of endometrial cancer

Bone protection

34
Q

Explain aromatase inhibitors as a treatment for breast cancer

A

E.g. arimidex, letrozole, examestane

Prevents oestrogen production in post-menopausal women

Low risk of DVT

Increased risk of osteoporosis

35
Q

What are the risk factors for the development of breast cancer

A

Female

Increased oestrogen exposure (early menarche, late menopause)

More dense breast tissue

Obesity

Smoking

Family history (1st degree relative)

COCP (very small increase in risk)

HRT (especially combined)

36
Q

What are the specific genes that can increase the risk of breast cancer

A

BRCA1, BRCA2

TP52

PTEN

37
Q

Which patients are classed as being at high risk of developing breast cancer

A

1st degree relative with breast cancer under age 40

1st degree male relative with breast cancer

1st degree relative with bilateral breast cancer under age 50

2 1st degree relatives with breast cancer

38
Q

What is involved in risk-management for patients at high risk of developing breast cancer

A

Genetic counselling

Annual mammograms

Chemoprevention (tamoxifen if pre-menopausal, anastrazole if post-menopausal)

Bilateral mastectomy

39
Q

What is the referral criteria for breast 2ww

A

Unexplained breast lump in over 30s

Unilateral nipple changes in over 50s

Unexplained axillary lump in over 30s

Skin changes suggestive of cancer

40
Q

Which receptors can be targeted in the treatment of breast cancer

A

Oestrogen receptor (ER)

Progesterone receptor (PR)

Human epidermal growth factor (HER2)

(Triple negative breast cancer has a poor prognosis)

Cancer care (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions