Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Conditions II > Breast and Prostate Cancer > Flashcards

Breast and Prostate Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

biopsy

A

removal of cells or tissue for examination by a pathologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

incisional biopsy

A

only a sample of the tissue is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

excisional biopsy

A

the entire lump/suspicious region is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

needle biopsy

A

sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fine-needle aspiration biopsy

A

when a thin needle is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tumor markers

A

Produced by cancer cells and/or other cells of the body in response to cancer cells
Substances found in the blood, urine, stool, or other bodily fluids and/or tissues of some patients with cancer
Used to help diagnose cancer, predict the response to certain cancer therapies, and check a response to treatment
Used to determine whether the cancer has returned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CT Scan uses

A 
Detect abnormal growth
Diagnose presence of tumor
Provide staging information
To determine where to perform a biopsy
To guide local treatments
To help plan external-beam radiation therapy or surgery
Diagnose recurrence of cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mammogram

A

X-ray picture of the breast
Used to check for breast cancer in women, ages 40 to 70, who have no signs and symptoms of the disease
Potential harms: false-negative results, false-positive results, over diagnosis, overtreatment, and radiation exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PET scan

A

Procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a brain
Cancer cells take up more glucose, and PET scan will “light up” areas where glucose is taken
Patient cannot eat before this test or will get false positives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

xray

A

Chest Xray will be used if suspicious of metastasis to the lungs or suspicious of lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumor grades

A 
GX:  Grade undetermined
Grade 1
Well differentiated (low grade)
Grade 2
Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
Grade 3
Poorly differentiated (high grade)
Grade 4 
Undifferentiated (high grade)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tumor grading

A

Description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and tumor tissue look under a microscope
Intended to be an indication of how likely a tumor is to grow and spread
Well-differentiated: organization of the tissue is close to normal cells and tissue, grows at a slower rate
Un-differentiated: tumors tend to grow and spread at a slower rate (aka “poorly differentiated”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tumor staging

A

Describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the size and/or extent of the original tumor and whether or not cancer has spread in the body
Clinical need for staging
Helps the doctor plan treatment
Estimates prognosis
Helps the PT understand nature of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TNM system - letters

A

Primary tumor: T
Regional Lymph Nodes: N
Metastasis: M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary tumor staging

A

TX: Primary tumor cannot be evaluated
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to neighboring tissue
Sometimes referred to as “pre-invasive”
T1, T2, T3, T4: size and/or extent of primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

regional lymph nodes

A

NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
N0: No regional lymph node involvement
N1, N2, N3: Degree of regional lymph node involvement (number and location of lymph nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

distant metastasis

A

MX: Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
M0: No distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lymph

A

thin, watery, protein rich fluid originating in organs and tissues of the body, containing chyle, erythrocytes, and leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lymph node

A

filter harmful materials (protection), produces lymphocytes (immune), and thicken lymph fluid via absorption of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

large lymphatic vessels that drain into venous circulation (example: thoracic duct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lymphatic territories

A

skin areas connected by a common lymph collector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

right lymph duct

A

empties at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thoracic duct

A

empties into junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cisterna chyli

A

most inferior part of thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lymphatic watersheds

A

drainage systems,” separate lymphatic territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

saggital watersheds

A

divides the head, neck, trunk and external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

upper horizontal watershed

A

separates neck and shoulder from arm and thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lower horizontal watershed

A

starts at umbilicus and separates the upper from the lower territories on the trunk

29
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

Superficial: millimeters into the epidermis
Deep: sub fascial layer of our skin, running through the muscles beneath the fascia (Quirion 2010)
Note: the hand does not have deep lymphatics (Foldi and Foldi 2006)

30
Q

highways of lymphatic drainage

A

activated when normal lymph flow within a territory is interrupted, possibly preventing onset of swelling

31
Q

anterior axillo-axillary

A

Right and left upper quadrants on anterior surface

32
Q

posterior axillo-axillary

A

Right and left upper quadrants, posterior surface

33
Q

axillo-inguinal

A

Ipsilateral upper and lower quadrants (bilaterally)

34
Q

anterior inter-inguinal

A

Runs over mons pubis, right and left inguinal lymph nodes connecting right and left lower quadrants anteriorly

35
Q

posterior inter-inguinal

A

Runs over sacrum, connecting right and left lower quadrants posteriorly

36
Q

pattern of lymph return

A

lymph -> capillaries -> precollectors -> collectors -> lymph nodes -> trunks -> venous angles

37
Q

total transport capacity

A

amount of lymph fluid transported by the lymphatic system utilizing its maximum amplitude and frequency

38
Q

lymphatic load

A

the amount of lymph that our body needs to transport

39
Q

lymphedema staging

A

0: latency stage
1: lymphedema reversible stage
2: spontaneously irreversible stage
3: lymphostatic elephantiasis

40
Q

lymphedema risk factors

A

NLN Modified Risk Factor List
Obesity is consistently cited as one of the biggest predictors of lymphedema
Lack of movement should be considered a risk factor
Extent of radiation and numbers of lymph nodes removed increase risk factor for lymphedema
Infection can cause or exacerbate lymphedema

41
Q

breast cancer types

A

Ductal Carcinoma
Most common type, begins in cells that line a breast duct, 7 out of every 10 woman have this type of cancer
Lobular Carcinoma
2nd most common, begins in a lobule of the breast, 1 of every 10 women with breast cancer has lobular carcinoma
Mixture of ductal and lobular
Less common type

42
Q

types of cancer

A

Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Very aggressive cancer, needs detection to happen immediately for positive results
Symptoms include redness, swelling, tenderness and warmth in the breast
Metastatic Cancer
Cancer that has metastasized
Example: Breast Cancer in the bone is still breast cancer, it’s just considered “metastatic breast cancer”
Most common types of metastases:
Bone
Brain
Liver
Lungs

43
Q

types of breast cancer (“positives”)

A

HER-2 Positive
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 positive
Estrogen Positive/Progesterone positive

44
Q

HER-2 positive

A

Cancer cells make too much of the protein HER2/neu, they tend to be much more aggressive and grow fast.
Occurs in 20-25% of breast cancers
Herceptin is used to reduce the risk of recurrence, and is given with chemo for those with metastatic cancer

45
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2 positive

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins.
Tumor suppressor proteins help repair damaged DNA and ensure stability of a cell’s genetic material
If mutations occur, DNA damage may not be repaired properly
Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk for breast and ovarian cancers
BRCA mutations can be inherited from a person’s mother or father, and each child has a 50% chance of inheriting this gene.
Accounts for 20-25% of hereditary breast cancers and 5-10% of all cancers.

46
Q

hormone receptor positive cancers (ER/PR)

A

Roughly 75% of all breast cancers are ‘ER Positive,’ they grow in response to estrogen. 65% of those are ‘PR Positive,’ they grow in response to progesterone.
These tumors are 60% likely to respond to endocrine therapy (i.e. tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors) typically given after chemo/radiation.

47
Q

triple negative cancer

A

breast cancer cells that do not have (not positive for) estrogen or progesterone receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein (also referred to as ER-negative, PR-negative, HER2/neu-negative). Majority are associated with BRCA1 gene

48
Q

triple positive cancer

A

breast cancer cells that are positive for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER2

49
Q

surgery side effects

A

decreased strength, changes in lymphatic system, changes in body image, pain, changes in psychological factors, Axillary Cording
Scar tissue development, adhesions, muscle injury
Muscle atrophy (dependent on approach)
Pain
Postural Changes
Lymphedema or lymphatic system compromise

50
Q

breast reconstruction risks

A

complications include rupture, capsular contracture, development of scar tissue, failure of reconstruction

51
Q

radiation risks

A

acute and late effects, acute involving skin erythema, desquamation, aplastic anemia, fatigue and long term including loss of mobility, pain, adhesions, and lung and heart issues, lymphedema, brachial plexopathy, and new malignancy

52
Q

chemo common side effects

A

Bone Marrow/Blood Cells – Myelosuppression
Cells of Hair Follicles
Cells in the Reproductive and Digestive Tracts
Implications in bowel functioning
Implications in abdominal distention/pain secondary to changes in bowel functioning
Increased demands on your pelvic floor

53
Q

radiation side effects

A

Radiation fibrosis: hardening of soft tissues restricting movement, blood flow, posture, pelvic floor function, and ability to participate in daily activities
Decreases strength of skeletal system (pelvic girdle)
In pelvic region can cause increased frequency of bowel/urine and lack of control

54
Q

side effects of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors

A

“Starves” “estrogen needing” tissues of estrogen
Pain in all vulnerable joints (Tamoxifen)
Effects/changes due to decreased estrogen
Aromatase and Tamoxifen both lead to decreased neck, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle stabilization, increased risk of plantar fascia, and increased incidence of trigger finger and carpal tunnel syndrome

55
Q

types of mastectomy

A 
Unilateral
Bilateral
Prophylactic
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy
Areolar Sparing Mastectomy
Nipple Sparing Mastectomy
Skin Reducing Mastectomy
56
Q

types of breast reconstructive surgeries

A 
iGap
sGap
Diep
Implants
LAT Flap
TRAM Flap
TUG Flap
57
Q

prostate cancer definition

A

Cancer that forms in the tissue of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum)

58
Q

new cases of prostate cancer annually

A

238590

59
Q

deaths secondary to prostate cancer annually

A

29720

60
Q

prostate cancer treatment options

A 
Open prostatectomy (original)
Laparoscopic and Robotic Assisted Prostatectomy (nerve sparing)
Brachytherapy
Implantation of small sources of radioactivity into the prostate
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Sipuleucel T
Hormonal Therapy
GnRH agonists
61
Q

aging and the prostate

A 
Prostate grows larger with aging
Squeezes the urethra and cause difficulty with urine
Incomplete bladder emptying
Frequency/urgency
Hesitancy of urine
Pain
May start as early as the 30s and 40s
62
Q

gleason score

A

Tumor scoring based on architectural pattern of gland
Lowest possible is score of 2
Highest possible is score of 10
Labels severity of cancer

63
Q

prostate specific antiget test

A

Blood Test for Protein
Normal is 4.0 ng/ml or less
Looking for a change in blood values

64
Q

functional changes possible following various treatments

A 
Urinary Changes
Bowel Changes
Radiation Damage
Sexual Function
Back Pain 
Perineal/Pelvic Pain (depending on approach)
65
Q

post prostatectomy incontinence

A

Immediately after catheter removal an incidence of 91% has been described.
Reports following up with patients after one year vary widely, with some reporting continence in 95% of patients (0-1 pads daily) and others reporting a 30-40% incidence of incontinence and need for a pad for 1 or more years following surgery

66
Q

evidence for pelvic floor muscle training

A

When pelvic floor exercises are started immediately after catheter withdrawal, there is a significant difference between control and experimental groups following radical prostatectomy

67
Q

pelvic exercises

A

Target the endurance function of the pelvic floor muscle with long hold contractions.
Target the quick contraction, power function of the pelvic floor muscle short hold contractions.
Try to walk for 30 minutes, up to 5 times weekly.
Postural Incontinence is often the most frustrating for patients

68
Q

research study BFB vs education

A

BFB versus Education
Education includes internal examination
Research HEP:
80-100 exercises daily, divided into 4 sets of 20-25
Holding parameter: 3-5seconds
Resting parameter: 6-10 seconds
Start supine, progress sitting, then standing

69
Q

research study BFB vs education - Results

A

No significant difference in outcome between groups at 6 months
91% continence per objective testing (urine loss greater than 1g)
95% continence per subjective tetsing (0-1 pad/day)

Med Conditions II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions