Breast Flashcards
What are the 2 main causes of Mastitis?
Lactation
Duct Ectasia
What is the most common breast cancer?
Breast carcinoma (addenocarcinoma)
What age is the peak for breast cancer?
60-70
How does breast screening work?
Ages 50-70
every 3 years get a MXR
How is the grade of a tumour assessed?
what value indicates low, medium, high grade
nuclear pleomorphism
tubular differentiation
mitotic activity
all get score /3 giving a total score out of 9
3-5 low
6-7 intermediate
8-9 high
What effect does ER expression have on prognosis?
Positive
What effect does PgR expression have on prognosis?
Positive
What effect does HER2 expression have on prognosis?
Negative
What receptor expression has the worst prognosis?
Triple negative
ER, PR, HER2
What receptor expression has the best prognosis?
ER +’ve
PR +’ve
HER2 -‘ve
Name 4 poor prognostic indicators in breast cancer?
<35
HER2 +’ve
ER -‘ve
lymph node positive
What are some risk factors for breast cancer?
age >55 early menarche, late menopause not breastfeeding nulliparity, late age @ 1st born >35 Hx of breast cancer, radiotherapy Long term use of COCP Use of HRT obesity, smoking, alcohol mutations BRCA 1/2, TP53
At what age does DCIS normally develop?
> 50
Anatomically where does the breast lie?
ribs 2-6
lateral border of sternum to mid axillary line
What muscles do breast sit over?
Pectoralis major
serratus anterior
What is the space between the fascia and breast tissue called?
retromammary space
The first breastmilk a mother makes is called what?
Colostrum
Colostrum contains what?
high levels of lactoferrin which helps the baby colonise with normal bacteria
Milk ejection is controlled by what?
oxytocin
Milk production is controlled by what?
protlactin
prolactin is released from the ______ pituitary
anterior
Oxytocin is released from the ______ pituitary
posterior
What stimulus causes the release of milk?
suckling - hypothalamus to release oxytocin - causing milk ejection
