Break with Rome Flashcards
1
Q
Why was More a bad replacement of Wolsey as Lord Chancellor?
A
- Reputation for putting principles above all else
- Held strong humanist beliefs (revealed in Utopia, 1516)
2
Q
Why was More critical of Henry’s reformations?
A
- Deeply sympathetic with Catherine of Aragon
- Concerned at H’s treatment of her
- Like other humanists, was convinced that reform could be achieved by by steady persuasion instead of drastic action
- Man of high and rigid principles, especially regarding religion
3
Q
How did More aid Henry’s reformations?
A
- Intolerant of anything that resembled heresy
- Write viciously against Lutheran reformers and their beliefs
- Instrumental in harsh persecution of reformers in 1528, and again in 1530-31
4
Q
What was Henry’s aim during his 1529-1534 campaign?
A
- Obtain the divorce
- Pressured English clergy not to oppose him
- Also pressured Pope Clement VII
5
Q
How did H’s reformations have the power to be dangerous?
A
- Dangerous to challenge the power of the Catholic Church so directly
- Opposition to the Act against Annates
- Pope had the power to excommunicate Henry if things got too far out of hand
- Excommunication =
- Oaths of loyalty taken by his subjects would no longer apply
- Rebellion could be sanctioned, or even regarded as duty, by the Church
6
Q
Who did Henry turn to for help in obtaining a divorce?
A
- Relied on common ground with religious reformers wanting radical religious changes
- Shared same view that Church was the main obstacle to their ambitions
7
Q
How did Henry pressurise the clergy?
A
- 1529 = parliament encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings
- 1531 = H pardoned clergy of crimes against him
-demanded they recognised him as ‘sole protector and supreme head’ of church - compromise = accepted as supreme head ‘as far as law of Christ allows’
- 1532 = Cromwell introduced Supplication Against the Ordinaries
- 1532 = H demands Church should agree to Submission of the Clergy
8
Q
What was Cromwell’s ‘Supplication Against the Ordinaries’?
A
- Petition calling King to deal with abuses and corruption of the Clergy
9
Q
What was the ‘Submission of the Clergy’?
A
- A document giving H power to veto Church laws and choose bishops, even if not approved by Rome
10
Q
How did Henry attack the Pope?
A
- Act of Parliament = prevented payment of annates to Rome = attacked Pope’s rights over clergy
- Act in Restrain of Appeals
11
Q
What were Cromwell’s significant promotions?
A
- 1532 = Master of King’s jewels
- 1533 = Vicar General
- 1536 = Lord Privy Seal and Principle Secretary on the Royal Council
- 1540 = Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl of Essex
12
Q
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
A
- Denied H’s subjects’ right to appeal to Pope against decisions in English church courts
- Prevented Catherine of Aragon from seeking Pope’s help when divorce went before courts
13
Q
What was the impact of the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
A
- Made it possible to make quick progress over H’s divorce
- Court convened May 1533 = argued Catherine’s marriage had been consummated = H’s marriage to Catherine invalid
14
Q
What was the Royal Supremacy Act of Parliament?
A
- Acknowledged King as head of Church, with all rights this entailed to decide its organisation, personnel and doctrine
- Claimed King had always had right to be head of Church, but only now taking it up
15
Q
How did Henry enforce the Act of Supremacy?
A
- Introduced a Treason Act
- This made denial of royal supremacy a crime punishable by death
