Brazil Flashcards
Topographical features (4)
- NorthàAmazon rain forest
- Northeastàdry badlands
- Central Western àswamps
- South and Southeast àtemperate, fertile, agricultural land
Periods by regime or political development: years and characterization (7)
1) 1822-1889: Empire àemperor as moderating power
2) 1889-1930: Old Republic àcoffee oligarchy, clientelism
3) 1930-1945: New State (1937) àstate corporatism, centralization, interventores
4) 1945-1964: Populist Republic àparties
5) 1964-1985: Bureaucratic Authoritarianism àlimited civilian rights
6) 1985-2001: Transition to democracy
7) Brazil Post-9/11
Racial make-up
· 48% white · 43% pardo · 8% black · 1% Asian · ~ 900,000 indigenous
Clientelism:
an informal aspect of policy-making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients. Characteristics àcorruption, preferential treatment, and inequality.
Abertura
Portuguese for “opening”; In Brazil, it refers to the period of authoritarian liberalization begun in 1974 when the military allowed civilian politicians to compete for political office in the context of a more open political society.
Populism
gaining the support of popular sectors. In Latin America, this support is often achieved by manipulation and demagogic appeals.
Bureaucratic authoritarianism:
a term used to interpret the common characteristics of military-led authoritarian regimes in some Latin American countries in the 1960s and 1970s. Bureaucratic authoritarian regimes led by the armed forces and key civilian allies emerged in response to severe economic crises.
Corporatism:
A system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into a limited number of singular, compulsory, noncompetitive, hierarchically ordered, and functionally differentiated categories, recognized or licensed by the state.
Vargas:
He became president in 1930 from a coup after he lost the national election. He served as the interim president from 1930-1934, constitutional president from 1934-1937, and dictator from 1937-1945. As he consolidated power, his policies became known as the “New State.” To many, he was the “father of the people.”
Kubitchek:
president of Brazil from 1956-1961. The economy improved under his rule. He was a master of nationalism; he moved the capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia.
Goulart
president from 1961-1964. He was less competent than his predecessors, so a military coup deposed him.
Cardoso
He was president Franco’s finance minister. In 1994, his Real Plan stopped inflation by creating a new currency, the real. He then served as president from 1995-2002.
Lula da Silva
president from 2003-2010. He embraced reform, and passed major social security reforms in 2003 and 2004. His party is the Workers’ Party.
Dilma Rousseff
president from 2011 to 2016, when she was impeached. Lula supported her bid for the presidency. Her government expanded public spending.
Bolsonaro
He is the president-elect. His party is the Social Liberal Party, and he is a right-winger.
Lava Jato:
“Operation car wash” routine investigation focused on a notorious money-launderer and car-wash owner, Alberto Youseff, federal prosecutors uncovered a broader ring involving a cartel of construction companies and the states oil company, Petrobras.
Michel Temer:
Michel Temer is a Brazilian politician, lawyer and writer who served as the 37th president of Brazil from 31 August 2016 to 31 December 2018. He took office after the impeachment and removal from office of his predecessor Dilma Rousseff.
Economic policy of old republic
based on the influence of coffee trade and a small urban industrial and commercial class linked to the coffee trade and ranch economy that produced meat and hides.
Dependency theory:
Underdeveloped countries could not achieve sustained levels of industrialization and growth in a world dominated by “core” economies in N.A. and Western Europe. World markets are exploitative.
· Origin: failures of ISI in the 1960s
· Impact on policy: No impact. This view remained mostly academic.
Major environmental problems
- Deforestation of the Amazon
- Urban pollution, toxic waste
- Water pollution
- Species depletion
Largest trading partner
China
Developmentalism
an ideology and practice in Latin America during the 1950s in which the state played a leading role in seeking to foster economic development through sponsoring vigorous industrial policy.
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (UNECLA)
an agency created to promote the economic development of Latin America.
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI):
strategy for industrialization based on domestic manufacture of previously imported goods to satisfy domestic market demands.
