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Embryology > Branchial Archs > Flashcards

Branchial Archs Flashcards

1
Q

Branchial Arch 1 - CN

A

Maxillary and mandibular divisions of trigeminal nerve (CN V2, V3)

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2
Q

Branchial Arch 1 - Musculature

A

muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palantini

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3
Q

Branchial arch 1 - arterial

A

Aortic Arch 1 (Temporary)

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4
Q

Branchial arch 1 - skeletal

A

Mandibular and maxillary prominences

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5
Q

Branchial arch 2 - CN

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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6
Q

Branchial arch 2 - musculature

A

stapedius, stylohyoid, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric

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7
Q

Branchial arch 2 - arterial

A

stapedial artery (temporary)

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8
Q

Branchial arch 2 - skeletal

A

stapes, styloid process of temporal bone, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid bone, & upper body of hyoid bone

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9
Q

Branchial arch 3 - CN

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

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10
Q

Branchial arch 3 - musculature

A

stylopharyngeus

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11
Q

Branchial arch 3 - artery

A

CCA, first part of ICA including carotid sinus

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12
Q

Branchial arch 3 - skeletal

A

greater horn & lower part of hyoid bone

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13
Q

Branchial arch 4 - CN

A

pharyngeal branch and superior laryngeal vagus (X) nerve

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14
Q

Branchial arch 4 - musculature

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles, extrinsic laryngeal muscles, levator veli palantini

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15
Q

Branchial arch 4 - artery

A

subclavian artery (right) and aortic arch (left)

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16
Q

Branchial arch 6 - CN

A

recurrent laryngeal vagus nerve (CN X)

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17
Q

Branchial arch 6 - musculature

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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18
Q

Branchial arch 4 - skeletal

A

thyroid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilage

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19
Q

Branchial arch 6 - artery

A

ductus arteriosus

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20
Q

Branchial arch 6 - skeletal

A

arytenoid cartilages

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21
Q

Mandibular prominence gives rise to

A

Meckel’s cartilage, malleus, incus, and mandible

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22
Q

What is the largest branchial arch?

A

1

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23
Q

Branchial arches 4 & 6 forms

A

cartilages of larynx (minus epiglottis)

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24
Q

Branchial arch 2 gives rise to which bones & cartilages?

A

Reichert’s cartilage, stapes, stylohyoid process, upper 1/2 of hyoid bone (endochondral ossification)

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25
Q

maxillary prominence gives rise to

A

maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous portion of temporal bone (intramembranous ossification)

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26
Q

Branchial arch 3 gives rise to which bones

A

lower 1/2 of hyoid bone (endochondral ossification)

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27
Q

Pharyngeal membrane 1 forms

A

tympanic membrane

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28
Q

Branchial groove/cleft 1 forms

A

external acoustic canal

29
Q

Pharyngeal membranes 2-4

A

regresses

30
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 5

A

Atypical & usually lumped in with pouch 4. Creates ultimobranchial body which creates parafollicular (C) cells that secrete calcitonin

31
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 4 forms

A

superior parathyroid gland

32
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 3 forms

A

Ventral wing - thymus
Dorsal wing - parathyroid gland

33
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 2 forms

A

tonsillar sinus & surface epithelium of palantine tonsil

34
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 1 forms

A

tubotympanic recess (eustacian tube) & middle ear cavity

35
Q

Branchial groove/cleft 2-4 forms

A

cervical sinus

36
Q

Purpose of palate

A

separates oral & nasal cavities, except in regions of pharynx

37
Q

Incisive foramen

A

landmark between primary & secondary palate

38
Q

secondary palate

A

forms as paired shelves (lateral palantine processes) that lift from maxillary prominences

39
Q

primary palate

A

forms as part of intermaxillary segment

40
Q

Thyroid is initially ______ to median lung bud

A

caudal

41
Q

what is the thyroid gland’s final location?

A

midline location immediately anterior to the trachea

42
Q

What causes thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

If the thyroglossal duct does not atrophy

43
Q

What is the origin of the thyroid gland?

A

The primitive pharynx and the neural crest cells. Rudimentary thyroid comes from NCC and bulk of the gland comes from primary pharynx.

44
Q

Initial descent of thyroid gland follows the ________ _____ & is _______ to pharyngeal gut

A

primitive heart; anterior

45
Q

What connects the thyroid gland to the tongue during the descent?

A

Thyroglossal duct

46
Q

When does the thyroid gland finish its descent?

A

7th gestational week

47
Q

Clinical features of thyroglossal duct cyst

A

Painless, asymptomatic midline swelling

48
Q

Thyroglossal duct sinus/fistula

A

If a TDC ruptures & forms a fistula

49
Q

Ectopic thyroid gland

A

May occur anywhere along the descent tract, but is most common at the base of the tongue/posterior to foramen cecum

50
Q

Clinical features of ectopic thyroid gland

A

may be associated with hypothyroidism, gland may enlarge due to high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) & cause localized symptoms

51
Q

Thyroid gland forms from proliferation of ___________ _________ __________ on median surface of developing ___________ ___________.

A

endodermal epithelial cells; pharyngeal floor

52
Q

Where is the site of thyroid development?

A

Foramen cecum

53
Q

Branchial cleft cysts

A

AKA branchial cleft remnants. Not midline structures, can develop bilaterally or unilaterally.

54
Q

How is the intermaxillary segment formed

A

Formed by fusion of paired medial nasal prominences

55
Q

what does the intermaxillary segment form?

A

Philtrum, nasal septum, premaxillary part of maxilla, primary palate

56
Q

The palate is made up of what 3 parts?

A

Primary palate, secondary palate, incisive foramen

57
Q

Anterior cleft malformation

A

Cleft lip

58
Q

Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence with medial nasal prominence

A

cleft lip

59
Q

Which gender is cleft lip more common in?

A

Males

60
Q

What is a proposed cause of cleft lip?

A

advanced maternal age

61
Q

Posterior cleft malformation

A

Cleft palate

62
Q

Incomplete fusion of lateral plantine process and nasal septum

A

Cleft palate

63
Q

Which gender is cleft palate more common in?

A

females

64
Q

Causes of cleft palate

A

smallness of palatal shelves, failure of shelves to elevate, inhibition of the fusion process itself, failure of the tongue to drop between shelves because of micrognathia

65
Q

First arch syndrome - clinical features

A

malformations of ear, mandible, zygoma, and palate

66
Q

First arch syndrome - cause

A

insufficient neural crest cell migration to first branchial arch

67
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome - clinical features

A
  1. Lack of thymus gland & parathyroid glands
  2. Facial anomalies
  3. CHD
68
Q

DiGeorge syndrome - causes

A

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to certain areas of pharyngeal pouches

Embryology (8 decks)

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