Brainscape hard questions to review Flashcards by Neenet Hairapetian

Elevated bilirubin is

neurotoxic
can lead to jaundice
shoud be conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted via bile

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what transports vitamin A in plasma?

IGF 1
retinol binding protein
prealbumin
albumin

retinol binding protein

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Vitamin K is often given to patients after extensive anticoagulant therapy because:

these drugs destroy the bacteria in the intestines
to treat causes of hemorrhage
A and B
not an antidote for an overdose of blood thinners

A and B

Vitamin K can be given as an antidote for an overdose of anticoagulant (blood thinner) such as warfarin - sometimes sold as Coumadin or Jantoven.

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Cigarette smokers should consume how much vitamin C daily?

75 mg
90 mg
125 mg
1000 mg

125 mg
An excess of vitamin C can cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and an excessive absorption of food iron, rebound scurvy when mega doses are stopped abruptly, and possible oxalate kidney stones.

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___ and ___ work together to form hemoglobin

iron zinc
mg selenium
iodine copper
iron copper

Copper helps in the formation of collagen. It is also included in different enzymes. Copper works with iron to form hemoglobin.

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Dysfunction of the esophagus is called

achalasia
gastritis
steatorrhea
pinocytosis

achalasia

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animal product source of potassium

yogurt

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Taking Prozac may deplete the supply of, increase the need for, or interfere with the activity of _____

melatonin

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A deficiency in which of the following will increase BP and cholesterol?

selenium
iron
copper
zinc

copper

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Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis often have all but which of the following?

hyperzincuria
zinc toxicity
low liver Zn concentrations
hypozincemia

zinc toxicity

Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis often have hyperzincuria, hypozincemia, and low liver Zn concentrations. The hyperzincuria is attributed to a shifting of Zn in the plasma to ligands that are easily excreted and that inhibit tubular Zn reabsorption.

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Somogyi effect

hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia. It is caused by the release of counter-regulatory hormones, especially as insulin activity declines.

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Carriers are people (or animals) capable of transmitting infectious disease-causing organisms. All of the following are true about carriers except:

Often the carrier suffers effects from the organism
They are unaware of the danger he or she represents
Food workers should be tested regularly
You must know if a worker is a carrier of communicable diseases

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All of the following are symptoms of excessive intake of vitamin A except:

intracranial pressure
high energy
irritability
anorexia

high energy

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The adequate intake of calcium for children aged 4 – 8 years is which of the following?

800 mg
1000 mg
500 mg
1300 mg

1000 mg

The adequate intake of calcium varies with age. The adequate intake for children 4 – 8 years of age is 1000 mg. This rises to 1300 mg for children 9 – 18 years of age.

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For most people, taking a daily RDA-level (Daily Value) multiple vitamin containing ________________________of vitamin D provides a sensible nutritional safety net.

400 to 600 IU
800 to 1000 IU
1000 to 2000 IU
5000 to 8000 IU

400-600

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The need for iron increases during pregnancy because of the increased blood volume. In addition, the fetus increases its hemoglobin level to ________________grams per 100 ml of blood.

10-15
20-22
24-26
26-28

20-22

The fetus increases its hemoglobin level to 20-22 grams per 100 ml of blood. This is nearly twice the normal human hemoglobin level of 13 to 14 mg per 100 ml of blood.

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Deprivation of which of the following nutrients during periods of rapid growth impairs brain and sexual development?

folate
niacin
pantothenic acid
zinc

zinc

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All of the following are factors to consider in a nutritional assessment, except:

Psycho-social factors.
Functional factors.
Motor skills factors.
Behavioral factors.

Motor skills factors

The nutrition care process includes four phases. The phases are assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring & evaluation. During the assessment process information with be gathered. When performing an assessment dietary intake, nutrition associated consequences, and psycho-social factors, functional factors, and behavioral factors should all be considered. Change factors should be considered including: knowledge of change, preparation for change and ability to change.

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What is recommended for a person with diverticulosis?

Water soluble fiber.
Water-insoluble fiber.
Glucose.
Sucrose.

water insoluble fiber

Diverticulosis is a weakening of the large intestine walls. Diets high in insoluble fiber are recommended to prevent and control diverticulosis.

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Garlic is a popular spice for cooking and is one of the first recorded herbal remedies that has a long history of traditional medicinal use in many countries. Garlic contains all of the following except:

allicin
phytoncide
non-sulfur containing compounds
hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons

Garlic contains allicin, an antibiotic, and phytoncide, an antifungal. In addition, garlic is also rich in sulfur-containing and nonsulfur-containing compounds, which are mostly responsible for its biological activities.

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Which of the following is not one of the three tissue layers surrounding the kidneys?

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia
Bowman’s capsule

Bowman’s capsule is not one of the three tissue layers surrounding the kidney. Bowman’s capsule is a component of the renal corpuscle.

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Ginseng should not be used with

hypoglycemia
high BP
heart disorders
all

all

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pregnant women and weight gain

25-35 lb

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Which of the following would indicate moderate depletion of lymphocyte count?

1800 lymphocytes/mm3
1300 lymphocytes/mm3
900 lymphocytes/mm3
750 lymphocytes/mm3

900

Historically, the most widely used indicator of vitamin B6 status has been which of the following? tryptophan load test methionine load test erythrocyte transaminases urinary 4-pyridoxide test

tryptophan

The adequate intake of chromium for adults (over 18 years of age) is which of the following? 0.2 μg 5.5 μg 25 – 36 μg 36 – 45 μg

There are three principal mechanisms used to control the glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure. Which of the following is NOT one of them? renal autoregulation hepatic regulation hormonal regulation neural regulation

hepatic Hepatic regulation is not one of the three principal mechanisms used to control the GFR. Renal autoregulation of GFR is a negative feedback regulation by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Hormonal regulation of GFR is controlled by two hormones – angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide. Through neural regulation the blood vessels of the kidneys are supplied by vasoconstrictor fibers of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system.

The estimated average requirements for phosphorus in persons over 18 years of age is which of the following? 580 mg 1,055 mg 405 mg 380 mg

580

How many grams of protein are recommended during pregnancy?

75-100

How many extra calories does a breastfeeding mother need?

200-500

Neuroglia found in peripheral nervous system

schwann cells

Neuroglia found in CNS

astrocytes microglia ependymal

An excessive intake of this mineral can inhibit copper absorption. It is known as: calcium Molybdenum iron iodine

molybdenum

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that increase both heart rate and contractility. They are produced by which of the following? adrenal medulla anterior pituitary

medulla

Foods that are labeled organic need to have at least what percentage of organic ingredients except for added water and salt? 50% 65% 75% 95%

Which type of anemia is inherited and characterized by microcytic, hypochromic and short-lived RBCs which may result in facial deformities and other bone changes? thalassemia hemolytic sideroblastic sickle cell

thalassemia increased iron absorption and progressive iron deposition in tissues, causing oxidative stress

EPA is an inhiibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism fructose metabolism glucose metabolism citrate metabolism

arachidonic acid

Mineral if presents with RLS copper magnesium iron zinc

iron | affects activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate limiting iron-dependent enzyme in the synthesis of the NT, dopamine

-olol drugs are

beta blockers

When in excess which of the following minerals increases urinary excretion of calcium? magnesium phosphorus iron copper

phosphorus chronic ingestion of ca and phosphorus in a ratio less than 1:2 causes hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism

Nutrient lost most rapidly during dialysis b12 vitamin c folate niacin

folate

Dietary recs following the passing of a stone do not include decreased intake of calcium avoid vitamin C avoid high-purine intake normal intake of protein

decreased intake of calcium after passing normal intake recommended

Primary action of serotonin facilitate secretion and peristalsis inhibit release of gastric emptying and acid secretion regulate blood flow, maintain muscle tone and gastric motor activity relax the lower esophageal sphincter

facilitate secretion and peristalsis

____ toxicity can cause symptoms of fishy body odor, excess salivation and perspiration, and vomiting

choline

ataxia with loss of ankle knee reflex may suggest which nutrient deficiencies / insufficiencies vitamin E, B12, thiamin magnesium, zinc, selenium iron, folate vitamin K, D

vitamin E, B12, thiamin

nutrients needed to convert niacin from tryptophan B2, B3, magnesium B2, B6, iron B1, B2, B6 B6, B3, magnesium

B2, B6, iron

traditional dieting may boost levels of which hormone? leptin ghrelin CCK adiponectin

ghrelin

Hepatotoxicity is associated with all of the following except ginkgo biloba comfrey green tea extract valerian

ginkgo

Which is resp for activating vitamin K dependent clotting factors iron magnesium calcium pootassium

calcium

prengant women should consume how much DHA during pregnancy up to 1000 mg 500-700 mg 200-300 mg 75-100 mg

200-300

Grapefruit contains ____ so it is contraindicated with a number of medications saponins furanocoumarins phlobatannin capsaicin

furanocoumarins

Which is not true of coenzymes contain carbon take part in redox reactions usually made of protein can be reused and recycled

Metformin's primary site of action is in which organ

liver; decreases hepatic glucose production

Fatty acid nomenclature

4: 0 Butyric Acid 12: 0 Lauric Acid 14: 0 Myristic Acid 16: 0 Palmitic acid 18: 0 Stearic Acid 20: 0 Arachidic Acid 24: 0 Lignoceric Acid 18: 1 (n-9) Oleic Acid 18: 2 (n-6) Linoleic Acid 18: 3 (n-3) Alpha-linolenic Acid 20: 4 (n-6) Arachidonic Acid 20: 5 (n-3) Eicosapentanoic Acid 22: 6 (n-3) Docosahexanoic Acid

Anemia of chronic renal disease is caused by kidney's inability to produce calcitriol renin erythropoietin ferritin

erythropoietin

Uremia may be a sign of stage 1 renal disease stage 3 stage 2 end stage

end stage

The sole iron exporter in iron-transporting cells is ferroportin transferrin hemoglobin ferritin

ferroprotein transports from inside of cell to outside of cell where it is transported in blood stream

Bioavailability of phosphorus may be most reduced by concurrent ingestion of vitamin D dietary fats concurrent ingestion of calcium fiber