Brainscape China Booklet 5 1978-97

Question 1

Who were the 5 permanent UN Security Council members upon creation in 1946?

Answer 1

USSR, USA, France, Britain and Nationalist China

Question 2

When did the PRC replace the GMD as the Chinese representative in the UN?

Answer 2

1971

Question 3

In the 1970s China abstained 32% on controversial UN decisions, but in the 1980s only 7%. Explain why.

Answer 3

In the 1970s China was maintaining relations, but by the 1980s China felt more confident due to her growing economic power.

Question 4

Name 4 benefits of being in the UN Security Council for China.

Answer 4

International recognition, equality, trade links, only non Western country

Question 5

Give one argument AGAINST joining the UN.

Answer 5

Sacrifice ideology - commitment to Communism.

Question 6

Give one example where China acted in her own interest in the Security Council.

Answer 6

1980s - blocked appointment of US Secretary in favour of Tanzanian, 1980s - blocked USSR invasion of Afghanistan, 1990 - supported invasion of Iraq in exchange for a large loan.

Question 7

How did the UN respond to the Tiananmen incident of 1989?

Answer 7

No direct sanctions (due to trade) but objection to infringement of human rights.

Question 8

What was the Pro Democracy Movement 1976 to 1989?

Answer 8

A growing student movement for liberal reforms as a response to liberal economic developments, opening up to the West, government corruption, 1986 economic slump and urban overcrowding.

Question 9

Name one man linked to the development of the Pro Democracy movement.

Answer 9

Wei Jingsheng (writer) or Hu Yaobang (CCP Secretary - moderniser) or Zhao Ziyang (Hu’s replacement)

Question 10

What role did ‘Democracy Wall’ in Beijing play in the growth of the Pro Democracy movement?

Answer 10

People posted anti Maoist writings on the wall which Deng Xiaoping tolerated as it helped his power, however when calls for liberalisation of PRC and Deng appeared, he wanted to crush it.

Question 11

What caused the Tiananmen Square Massacre of June 1989?

Answer 11

Demonstrations after death of Hu Yaobang (moderniser), petitions for government reform refused, 40 universities involved in sit ins and hunger strikes in Tiananmen Square during Gorbachev (Soviet Premiere) visit, Zhao Ziyang sacked and replaced with Li Penguin, Li and Deng committed to crush protests and make and example ‘take the square at all costs’ .

Question 12

Why was Deng Xiaopeng so committed to crushing the Prodemocracy movement?

Answer 12

Economic but not liberal reformer. Felt China was not ready for democracy.

Question 13

What does IMF stand for?

Answer 13

International Monetary Fund.

Question 14

How is the IMF different than World Bank?

Answer 14

The IMF gives loans to stabilise governments and economies whereas the World Bank gives loans for specific projects e.g. Green energy.

Question 15

To get IMF assistance, what did the PRC have to agree to?

Answer 15

Decentralisation, free market values, improved taxation, foreign loans, Ministry of Finance and State Planning Commission set up

Question 16

What is a free marked economy?

Answer 16

Individuals make decisions, unobstructed competition, no government intervention. (Can happen in a communist country with State Owned Enterprise as long as the government does not manipulate with regulation or subsidies.

Question 17

Name 2 benefits of IMF assistance.

Answer 17

Rebalanced economy in 1980, introduced considered state planning, rural development (health, education, reduction of poverty, transport).

Question 18

To get World Bank support, what did the PRC have to agree to?

Answer 18

World Bank report - looked into 5 year plans and made recommendations.

Question 19

Give 2 specific examples of World Bank investment in China.

Answer 19

1980s - $200 million for university development, $125 million for freight, $60 million for irrigation, $75 million for agricultural education, $30 billion for industrialisation, $70 million to develop Investment Banking.

Question 20

Other than investment, how else did China benefit from the World Bank? Name one.

Answer 20

Cost-benefit analysis introduced, modern technologies like power generation, disconnected business from direct state control, more efficient taxation.

Question 21

When did China develop trade with the EEC (European Economic Community)?

Answer 21

1978

Question 22

What is a bilateral trade agreement?

Answer 22

Reducing or eliminating trade tariffs, export restraints or other trade barriers equally between two countries. Much more favourable than the unequal treaties.

Question 23

How did China’s relationship with Africa change by the 1990s?

Answer 23

Bilateral trade, dropped financing and advising revolutionary groups, encouraged African nations to comply with IMF and World Bank.

Question 24

What was ZOPFRAN?

Answer 24

Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (East Asia = Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines, Burma and Indonesia) Bilateral investment and trade. China emerged as dominant regional economic power.

Question 25

Why was it in China’s interest to cooperate with Japan (even after the attrocities of WWII)?

Answer 25

Technology and expertise.

Question 26

Why was it in Japan’s interest to cooperate with China?

Answer 26

Markets for technology, raw materials (oil, coal and food)

Question 27

What were the terms of the Bilateral Communique between Japan and China in 1972?

Answer 27

Recognised the PRC and stated no superpower existed in Asia.

Question 28

1975-78 Peaceful coexistence was established between Japan and China. What did it entail?

Answer 28

Any concerns would be resolved without force, no future Sino-Soviet Alliance. No regional dominance for either country.

Question 29

Where was a lot of Japanese investment focused in China?

Answer 29

Industrial plants, construction material and low interest loans especially Baoshan Steel Complex. (Northeast)

Question 30

Give 3 reasons why relations between China and the USA improved in the 1970s?

Answer 30

USA recognising PRC in 1971, deteriorating relations with the USSR, Zhou Enlai’s ‘ping pong diplomacy’, Richard Nixon’s visit 1972, Death of Mao 1976, Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernisations.

Question 31

What 3 issues tested diplomacy between the USA and China?

Answer 31

Tibetan independence, Taiwan, Tiananmen Square Massacre, North Korea

Question 32

In 1997 Jiang Zemin (Deng’s successor) visited Bill Clinton to discuss tensions regarding Human Rights. China agreed to stop meddling in Taiwan, what did America agree to?

Answer 32

Bill Clinton suggested the west would have to turn a ‘blind eye’ and would discuss foreign policy but not Chinese internal affairs post 1997.

Question 33

USA gave China Most Favoured Nation status in 1991. What does this mean?

Answer 33

China was exempt from high tariffs when exporting to USA

Question 34

How much did trade increase from 1978-1985?

Answer 34

£1 billion to $7 billion.

Question 35

What impact did trade with the USA have on China?

Answer 35

Increased consumerism e.g. TVs, refrigerators, washing machines and investment e.g. Heinz and Coke, as well as military technology e.g. Communication and transport.

Question 36

Between 1980 and 1985, the trade deficit between China and the USA swung in China’s favour. What does this mean?

Answer 36

Since 1985, USA has imported more Chinese goods than they have exported to China. Shows China’s dominance in the world economy.

Question 37

What treaty in 1842 signed over Hong Kong to the British in perpetuity?

Answer 37

End of the Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanjing

Question 38

When was the 99 year lease on the New Territories (expanded Hong Kong) signed with Britain?

Answer 38

1898 (Hence, 1997 return to China)

Question 39

During negotiations (1982-1984), how did British PM Margaret Thatcher tried to scupper the Chinese reclamation of Hong Kong?

Answer 39

Governor Chris Patten pushed through democratic reform in Hong Kong so that Hong Kong residents would object to joining PRC.

Question 40

In the Joint Agreement of 1984, how did Deng Xiaoping appease British and Hong Kong fears?

Answer 40

Creation of the SAR (Special Administrative Region)

Question 41

How did Deng encourage Britain to back down on liberal reforms in Hong Kong?

Answer 41

Agreement to SAR, lucrative Chinese trade deal, Basic Law passed (which stated all British reforms post 1984 Joint Agreement would be binned).

Question 42

Explain ‘One Country, Two Systems’.

Answer 42

The PRC allowed Hong Kong to remain free capitalist economy, whereas the PRC was a socialist market economy.