Brainscape China Booklet 2 1894-1901 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Li Hongzhang famous for?

A

Self Strengthening movement 1870+, diplomacy with France 1884 and Japan 1895

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2
Q

Give 3 results of the Self Strengthening movement.

A

Tianjin Arsenal, Kaiping Coal Mine, Chinese Merchant Steam Ship Company, Manchurian Docks, Fuzhou Ship Yard, Naval Training, US educational exchanges etc.

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3
Q

Where and when was the Meiji Revolutions?

A

Japan, 1868+

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4
Q

Why was Mitsubishi important to Japanese Imperialism?

A

Government defence contracts for Mitsubishi to build a powerful and modern Japanese Navy for empire building.

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5
Q

Why did Japan want Korea 1870+

A

Imperialism, Rice, weaken China, Markets for trade, few westerners to compete with

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6
Q

What were internal issues was Korea suffering from?

A

Pro Chinese/Anti Japanese, Pro Japanese/Anti Chinese and Anti Chinese-Japanese/Pro Korean uprisings.

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7
Q

What was the Treaty of Tientsin (aka Tianjin) 1885?

A

Japan and China agree NO troops in Korea, and must notify each other if they need to go in.

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8
Q

What tributary states were threatened by foreigners post 1870?

A

Burma and Tibet - Britain; Vietnam and Hanoi - France; Mongolia - Russia; Korea and Taiwan - Japan

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9
Q

What was the trigger of the Sino Japanese war in 1894?

A

Pro Japanese Korean official assassinated in Shanghai, uprisings in Korea, both China and Japan send troops but Japanese get there first.

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10
Q

Put events of the SJ war in order: Yalu River, Weihaiwai, Naval Battle, Manchuria, Seize Taiwan, Port Arthur, Pyong Yang, Chinese Transport Sunk

A

Transport sunk, Pyong Yang, Yalu River, Manchuria, Port Arthur, Naval Battle, Weihaiwei, Seize Taiwan

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11
Q

Name 3/5 terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki April 1895

A

Korea became a Japanese Protectorate, 200 million taels reparations to Japan, 4 new Treaty ports, Taiwan, NE Manchuria and Liaodong peninsula to Japan, Japan can industrialise any Chinese port.

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12
Q

Scramble for China - What did France get?

A

1885 Treaty of Tianjin - Vietnam now a French Protectorate and trading rights in SE China; 1897 French lease of SW China

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13
Q

Scramble for China - What did Britain get?

A

1842 Treaty of Nanjing and 1860 Treaty of Tianjin (Hong Kong, extraterritoriality etc.), 1896 Weihaiwei and lease on New Territories (expanded Hong Kong)

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14
Q

Scramble for China - What did Russia get?

A

1896 - Trans Siberian Railway, 1898 25 year lease of Port Arthur

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15
Q

Scramble for China - What did Germany get?

A

Naval Base in Shandong, 1897 seized Shandong Peninsula, 99 year lease on Jiaozhou Bay and concessions in North East to develop mines and railways

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16
Q

Who was Guangxu?

A

Cixi’s nephew who took the throne in 1875 (until 1908).

17
Q

What were the 100 Days of Reform?

A

1898 - 103-day national cultural, political, and educational reform movement to modernise China. (Emperor Guangxu)

18
Q

Why did Cixi put Guangxu under house arrest 1898-1908?

A

She was conservative, he was too liberal. Fear of losing influence and westernisation of China.

19
Q

Where did the Boxer Movement emerge from?

A

Rural boxing clubs. Anti-foreign (industrialisation, Christianity etc.).

20
Q

What propaganda did the Boxers use to gain support?

A

Christians caused drought, Boxers impenetrable by foreign bullets, Red Lanterns (woman) could fly vs foreigners as well as drumming up anti foreign feeling.

21
Q

What did Boxer attacks target in 1900?

A

Western infrastructure: Tore up railroads, knocked down telegraphs, burned buildings, attacked Beijing and Chinese Christian converts.

22
Q

Who was Baron von Kittler and why was he murdered?

A

German ambassador. Sanctioned German troops to attack Chinese as a response to Boxers. Assassinated by a Boxer (not supported by Qing Government).

23
Q

The Boxers laid siege to Beijing for 55 days. How were they finally defeated?

A

Cixi did not get support from regional banner armies, imperial force was week, western troops (9 nations) swept through Tianjin, Dagu forts and took Beijing.

24
Q

Why was Cixi reluctant to ban the Boxers, which made it look like she supported them, angering westerners?

A

Believed that this was a Western coup to put Guangxu back on the throne.

25
Q

The Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901. What humiliating terms did the Qing have to accept?

A

War guilt, $450 million reparations, arsenals and forts destroyed, foreign troops in Beijing permanently

26
Q

Both Cixi and Guangxu died in 1908, who succeeded them?

A

Puyi, the two year old nephew of Guangxu under Regents: Prince Chun and Puyi’s adoptive mother Longyu

27
Q

Cixi and Puyi attempted administrative reforms and improvements to infrastructure (e.g. railway). How did they pay for it?

A

High interest western loans 1902-08 and again in 1910 as well as tax rises in 1902 and 1909, finally a failed attempt to nationalise the railways in 1911.

28
Q

Who was Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)?

A

A revolutionary who spread republican ideas to educated China. Exiled by the Qing, spent 1896-1911 raising awareness, funds and weapons for revolution. Key organiser of the Wuchang Uprising. Started the Guomindang (GMD or Nationalist Party).

29
Q

Where and why did the Wuchang Uprising (10/10/1911) aka Double Tenth start?

A

Wuchang, central provinces against the poor leadership of the Imperial Government in Beijing.

30
Q

The young emperor abdicated in January of 1912, but not to Sun Yatsen as expected? Why?

A

Yuan Shikai, military general, was the one given an audience with the court and the decree mentions him. Sun Yatsen felt a military general could take control of the uprisings, Yuan supported the uprisings and committed himself to the new republic.