Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nervous System (Year 2 GM) > Brain Tumours (clinical) > Flashcards

Brain Tumours (clinical) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common metestatic sites for spread to the brain?

A

Lung

Breast

Kidney

GI

(previous lecture also included melanoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do we classify brain tumours?

A

Tissue of origin

ocation

Primary or secondary

Grading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What percentage of cancer patients develop brain mets?

A

10-15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two most likely causes of neurological death?

A
  1. Stroke
  2. Brain tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we grade tumours?

A

Microscopic appearence

Growth rate

To grade differentiation:

oGX Grade cannot be assessed (Undetermined)

oG1 Well-differentiated (Low grade)

oG2 Moderately differentiated (Intermediate grade)

oG3 Poorly differentiated (High grade)

oG4 Undifferentiated (High grade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the common presentations of brain tumour?

A

Neurological defecit: 68%

  • 45% motor weakness
  • Mental status changes

HA 54%

Seizures 26%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the genereal signs and symptoms of brain tumours?

A

oCerebral edema

oIncreased intracranial pressure

oFocal neurologic deficits

oObstruction of flow of CSF

oPituitary dysfunction

oPapilledema (if swelling around optic disk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebral tumours?

A

oHeadache

oVomiting unrelated to food intake

oChanges in visual fields and acuity

oHemiparesis or hemiplegia

oHypokinesia

oDecreased tactile discrimination

oSeizures

oChanges in personality or behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for brainstem tumours?

A

oHearing loss (acoustic neuroma)

oFacial pain and weakness

oDysphagia, decreased gag reflex

oNystagmus

oHoarseness

oAtaxia (loss of muscle coordination) and dysarthria (speech muscle disorder) (cerebellar tumours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebellar tumours?

A

Disturbances in coordination and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pituitary tumours?

A

Endocrine dysfunction

Visual defecits

Headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs and symptsoms of frontal lobe tumours?

A

oInappropriate behavior

oPersonality changes

oInability to concentrate

oImpaired judgment

oMemory loss

oHeadache

oExpressive aphasia

oMotor dysfunctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of parietal lobe tumour?

A

Sensory defecits:

  • Paresthesia
  • Loss of 2 point discrimination
  • Visual field defecits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for temporal lobe tumours?

A

oPsychomotor seizures – temporal lobe-judgment, behavior, hallucinations, visceral symptoms, no convulsions, but loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ocipital lobe tumours?

A

Visual disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name given to grade a) 1 and 2 b) 3 c) grade 4

Gliomas?

A

Grade 1 and 2 glioma - astrocytoma

Grade 3 - anaplastic astrocytoma

Grade 4 - Glioblastoma multiforme (also known as a glioblastoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the intraaxial tuomurs?

A

•Gliomas

oAstrocytoma (Grades I & II)

oAnaplastic Astrocytoma(III)

oGlioblastoma Multiforme(IV)

  • Oligodendroglioma
  • Ependymomas
  • Medulloblastoma
  • CNS Lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the extraaxial tumours?

A
  • Meningioma
  • Metastatic
  • Acoustic neuromas (Schwannoma)
  • Pituitary adenoma
  • Neurofibroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the most common brain tumours?

A
  1. Gliomas
  2. Meningioma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by meningiomas?

A

Usually age 40 - 70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is meningioma usually invasive or non-invasive?

A

Usually non - invasive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are meningiomas usually located?

A

Parasaggital region

SPhenoid wing

Parasellar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the presentation of a meningioma?

A

Asymptomatic

Symptomatic: Focal or generalised seizure or gradually worsening neurological defecit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the features of meningioma on CT?

A

Cearly demarcated contours

Frequently have areas of calcification

Isodense or hypodense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

WHich demographic is affected by diffuse low grade astrocytomas?

A

Young adults

26
Q

Where do you find astrocytoma?

A

Frontal region

Subcortical white matter

27
Q

What is the presentation of astrocytoma?

A

Seizures

Headache

Slowly progressive neurological defecits

28
Q

What are the findings of diffuse low grade astrocytoma on CT?

A

Well circumscribed

Hypodense or isodense

MRI is more sensitive than CT

29
Q

What is the most common type of brain tumour in adults?

A

Glioblastoma

30
Q

Where can glioblastomas arise from?

A

May arise de novo (from new) or may evolve from a low grade glioma

31
Q

What does an astrocytoma resemble?

A

Can look like a butterfly lesion

32
Q

What is the location of a glioblastoma?

A

Frontal and temporal lobe

Basal ganglia

33
Q

What is the presentation of a glioblastoma?

A

Seizures

Headache

SLowly progressive neurological defecit

34
Q

What are the findings of high grade astrocytoma on CT?

A

Hypodense or isodense

Central hypodense area of necrosis surrounded by a thick enhancing rim

Surrounding oedema

35
Q

What is the typical appearance of an oligodendroglioma?

A

Characteristic fried egg appearance

Arises from myelin

36
Q

What is the location of an oligodendroglioma?

A

FOund superficially in the frontal lobe

37
Q

What is the presentation of oligodendroglioma?

A

Seizures most common

Headache

Slowly progressive neurologic deficits

38
Q

What are the features of oligodendroglioma on CT?

A

Well circumscribed

Hypodense lesions with heavy calcification

Cystic degeneration is common

39
Q

What are examples of haemorrhagic brain mets?

A

Melanoma

Renal cell

Choriocarcinoma

40
Q

What are the diagnostic procedures of brain tumours?

A

•Radiological Imaging

oComputed Tomography scan (CT scan) with/without contrast

oMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with/without contrast

oPlain films

oMyelography

oPositron Emission Tomography scan (PET scan)

  • LP/CSF analysis
  • Pathology
41
Q

Why would you use a CT and MRI?

A

CT - Diagnosis of brain tumours

MRI - Folow-up of brain tumours

42
Q

What might a CT scan miss?

A

May miss small tumours

May miss tumours adjacent to the bone such as (pituitary adenomas, clival tumours and vestibular schwannoma)

May miss brainstem tumours

Low grade astrocytoma

43
Q

What is a CT more sensitive to than an MRI scan?

A

More sensitive than MRI for detecting acute haemorrhage, calcification and bony involvement

44
Q

What are the advantages of MRI over CT?

A

More sensitive than CT scans

Can detect small tumours

Provides much greater anatomic detail

Especially useful for visualizing skull base, brain stem and posterior fossa tumours

45
Q

When are steroids used for brain tumour patients?

A

Pre-operatively

46
Q

What is surgical treatment for brain tumours?

A

Resection

Biopsy

Craniotomy

Stereotaxis surgery

Transsphenoidal

Endoscopic

47
Q

What are post - op complications?

A
  • Increased ICP
  • Hematoma
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Atelectasis - partial collapse or incomplete inflation of the lung
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Meningitis
  • Fluid and electrolyte imbalances (ADH)
  • Wound infection
  • Seizures
  • CSF leak
  • Edema
48
Q

How does radiation therapy work?

A

Damages cells that rapidly divide - sensitive to these cells

Usually lasts 4 - 8 weeks

49
Q

What is a common side effect of radiation therapy?

A

Skin burn and reddened skin from beam of radiation

50
Q

How is cerebral oedema controlled before radiation therapy begins?

A

Corticosteroids are given beforehand

51
Q

Why might surgery be indicated after radiation therapy?

A

Radiation necrosis may occur after treatment is completed

52
Q

Give examples of chemotherapy drugs

A
53
Q

How are chemotherapy drugs administered?

A

PO (means per os in latin - by mouth)

IV

Intrathecal (spinal injection)

54
Q

What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

A

Bone marrow suppression

Fatigue

Hair loss

Nausea / vomitting

Anxiety

Peripheral neuropathy

55
Q

What type of tumour causes hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis and also overlies the tectum and midbrain?

A

Pineal germinoma

56
Q

What tumour is usually benign

Most common in young children?

A

Low grade pilocytic astrocytomas

57
Q

What tumour cases locked in syndrome?

A

Brainstem glioma

58
Q

Which tumour is most commonly found in the 4th ventricle - median age at diagnosis is also 5?

A

Ependymoma

59
Q

Whch tumour has abundant capillary blood vessels?

A

Haemangioblastoma

It is also associated with retinal lesions

60
Q
A

Nervous System (Year 2 GM) (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions