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Prepjet > Brain Regions/Functions - Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Regions/Functions - Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Subcortical Forebrain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Name 8 symptoms that can be associated with damage to the brainstem.

A
  1. respiratory problems
  2. difficulty swallowing
  3. sleep disturbances
  4. slurred speech
  5. loss of consciousness
  6. problems with balance and coordination
  7. nausea
  8. confusion
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2
Q

Name the 3 structures that constitute the hindbrain.

A
  1. medulla (medulla oblongata)
  2. pons
  3. cerebellum
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3
Q

Name 2 functions of the medulla oblongata.

A
  1. control involuntary movements of the mouth and throat (e.g., swallowing, coughing and sneezing)
  2. regulate functions essential to survival (e.g., respiration, heart rate and blood pressure).
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4
Q

What group of drugs can have a negative effect on the medulla?

A

Opioids

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5
Q

Name 5 functions of the pons.

A
  1. plays a role in respiration
  2. regulate deep sleep and REM sleep
  3. coordinate movements
  4. connect the two halves of the cerebellum
  5. relay information from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex
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6
Q

Name 4 functions of the cerebellum.

A
  1. coordinate voluntary movements
  2. maintain balance and posture
  3. process and store procedural and implicit memories
  4. non-motor cognitive functions (e.g., attention, linguistic processing and visuospatial abilities)
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7
Q

Name 5 symptoms of ataxia (damage to the cerebellum).

A
  1. lack of muscle control
  2. impaired balance and coordination
  3. slurred speech
  4. nystagmus (jerky eye movements)
  5. blurred or double vision
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8
Q

Name two structures that constitute the midbrain.

A
  1. reticular formation
  2. substantia nigra
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9
Q

Name 3 functions of the reticular formation.

A
  1. regulate muscle tone
  2. coordinate eye movements
  3. control of pain
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10
Q

Name 3 functions of the reticular activating system (RAS), which is a part of the reticular formation.

A
  1. mediate cousciousness and arousal
  2. control sleep/wake cycle
  3. alert cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals
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11
Q

Name 3 functions of the substantia nigra.

A
  1. reward seeking
  2. drug addiction
  3. motor control (through the basal ganglia)
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12
Q

Name 4 symptoms associated with a degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra.

A
  1. slowed movements
  2. tremor
  3. rigidity
  4. other motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease
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13
Q

Name 5 subcortical structures of the forebrain.

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. hippocampus
  4. amygdala
  5. basal ganglia
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14
Q

The hypothalamus maintains the body homeostasis and regulates functions essential for survival. Name 12 functions regulated by the hypothalamus.

A
  1. sexual activity
  2. thirst and hunger
  3. emotions
  4. memory
  5. circadian rhythms
  6. body temperature
  7. blood pressure
  8. heart and respiration rate
  9. growth
  10. reproduction
  11. body’s response to stress
  12. initiation of the development of secondary sex characteristics and maturation and maintenance of reproductive system
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15
Q

Name 2 parts of the nervous system that are influenced by the hypothalamus.

A
  1. autonomic nervous system
  2. pituitary gland
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16
Q

Name 2 structures that are part of the hypothalamus, and their respective role.

A
  1. mammillary bodies - memory
  2. suprachiasmatic nucleus - body’s biological clock (regulate sleep/wake cycle and circadian rhythms)
17
Q

Name 2 ways the hypothalamus influences the pituitary gland.

A
  1. produce hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary (e.g., produce GnRH which stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins by the anterior pituitary, which regulates the functions of the testes and ovaries)
  2. send oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary, which stores them and releases them at appropriate times (e.g., oxytocin released to stimulate uterin contractions and lactation; vasopressin control amount of water reabsopbed by kidney).
18
Q

Name 7 of the roles of oxytocin and vasopressin found in research.

A

1.social bonding and affiliation
2. trust and cooperation
3. social recognition
4. sexual behaviors
5. social memory
6. aggression
7. psychosocial stress

19
Q

What is the role of elevated oxytocin on stress?

A

Elevated levels of oxytocin inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress.

20
Q

What is the role of oxytocin on emotion recognition?

A

Research suggest a beneficial effect of oxytocin for people with autism, schizophrenia or other disorders involving deficits in recognizing emotions. However, results are inconsistent. Most studies found beneficial effects that are statistically insignificant or present only for certain emotions. In addition, intranasal administration of oxytocin to healthy adults imnpaired their ability to accurately identify the intensity of facial expressions due to increased sensitivity to facial expressions (especially disgust and surprise).

21
Q

Name 4 functions of the thalamus.

A
  1. relay station (receives and transmits sensory information to the cortex for all the senses except smell)
  2. coordination of sensory and motor functioning
  3. language and speech
  4. declarative memory
22
Q

Name 3 symptoms associated with Korsakoff syndrome and what causes this condition.

A

Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a thiamine deficiency that is often the result of chronic alcoholism that damages neurons in the thalamus and mammillary bodies.

  1. anterograde amnesia
  2. retrograde amnesia
  3. confabulation
23
Q

Name 4 structures of the basal ganglia. Which ones are part of the striatum and receive input from the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
  3. nucleus accumbens
  4. globus pallidus
24
Q

What is the role of the globus pallidus?

A

Transmit information to the thalamus.

25
Q

Name 4 functions of the structures comprised in the basal ganglia.

A
  1. initiation and control of voluntary movements
  2. procedural and habit learning
  3. cognitive functioning (e.g., attention and decision-making)
  4. emotions
26
Q

Name 7 conditions associated with damage to the basal ganglia.

A
  1. mood disorders
  2. schizophrenia
  3. ADHD
  4. OCD
  5. Tourette’s disorder
  6. Huntington’s disease
  7. Parkinson’s disease
27
Q

Name 3 parts that constitute the limbic system.

A
  1. amygdala
  2. cingulate cortex
  3. hippocampus
28
Q

Name 5 functions of the amygdala.

A
  1. processing and regulating emotions
  2. recognizing emotions in facial expressions
  3. attaching emotions to memories (formation of flashbulb memories)
  4. pain modulation and emotional response to pain
  5. linked to risk-taking
29
Q

Name 5 symptoms of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

A
  1. hyperorality
  2. hypersexuality
  3. reduced fear
  4. hyperphagia
  5. visual agnosia
30
Q

Name 5 disorders associated with amygdala abnormalities.

A
  1. social anxiety and other anxiety disorders
  2. depression
  3. PTSD
  4. autism
  5. substance use disorder
31
Q

Name 4 functions of the cyngulate cortex.

A
  1. motivation
  2. memory
  3. emotions
  4. emotional reaction to pain
32
Q

What happens when the cingulate cortex is damaged?

A

People experience pain but are not emotionally distressed by it.

33
Q

Abnormalities to the cingulate cortex has been linked to what disorder?

A

Major depressive disorder (caused by reduced volume of anterior cingulate cortex; studies show CBT increase volume of ACC).

34
Q

Name 2 functions of the hippocampus.

A
  1. transfer declarative memories from short-term to long-term memory
  2. spatial memory
35
Q

Name 2 symtoms caused by degeneration of cells in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

A
  1. impairments in episodic memory
  2. impairments in spatial navigation
36
Q

What is the impact of acute or chronic increases in cortical levels in the hippocampus?

A

impairment of declarative memories retrieval

37
Q

Name 4 disorders associated with hippocampus abnormalities.

A
  1. depression
  2. bipolar disorder
  3. schizophrenia
  4. PTSD (some say a smaller hippocampus may be a vulnerability factor for the development of PTSD or result from the exposure to traumatic stress)

Prepjet (3 decks)

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