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Prepjet > Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Brain Regions/Functions – Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 structures that are part of the frontal lobe.

A
  1. Broca’s area
  2. prefrontal cortex
  3. primary motor cortex
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2
Q

Where is located Broca’s area?

A

In the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe.

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3
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia, nonfluent aphasia).

A
  1. slow, labored speech consisting primarily of nouns and verbs
  2. impaired repetition
  3. anomia (inability to name familiar objects)
  4. relatively intact comprehension
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4
Q

Name 3 functions of the prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. executive functions (e.g., planning, decision-making, working memory, prospective memory, social judgement, self-monitoring.
  2. regulation of emotions and motivation
  3. expression of personality
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5
Q

Name 7 impairments caused by damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. impairment in goal-directed behavior
  2. concrete thinking
  3. judgement and insight
  4. working memory
  5. perseverative responses
  6. disinterest
  7. apathy
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6
Q

Name 4 disorders linked to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. depression
  2. generalized anxiety disorder
  3. OCD
  4. schizophrenia
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7
Q

Name 2 symptoms of damage to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. impaired decision-making
  2. impaired behavioral and emotional self-control
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8
Q

Name 2 disorders associated with abnormalities in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. social anxiety disorder
  2. generalized anxiety disorder
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9
Q

Name 6 symptoms of ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage.

A
  1. impaired decision-making
  2. impaired moral judgement
  3. lack of insight
  4. confabulation
  5. deficits in social cognitions
  6. blunted emotional response
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10
Q

Name 5 disorders associated with abnormalities in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

A
  1. depression
  2. generalized anxiety
  3. OCD
  4. PTSD
  5. schizophrenia
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11
Q

Name 5 symptoms of orbitofrontal cortex damage.

A
  1. impulsivity
  2. social inappropriateness
  3. lack of empathy
  4. aggressive or abusive behaviors
  5. emotion dysregulation
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12
Q

Name 6 disorders associated with abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex.

A
  1. depression
  2. bipolar disorder
  3. OCD
  4. PTSD
  5. schizophrenia
  6. substance use disorder
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13
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex and what happens when it is damaged?

A

The role is the initiation of purposeful movements.

Damage range from weakness to paralysis in muscles in the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.

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14
Q

Name 2 structures found in the temporal lobe.

A
  1. auditory cortex
  2. Wernicke’s area
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15
Q

What is the role of the auditory cortex and name 3 symptoms associated with damage to this area.

A

The auditory cortex is involved in processing sound.

Damage can cause:
1. auditory agnosia
2. auditory hallucinations
3. cortical deafness

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16
Q

Where is located Wernicke’s area ?

A

In the dominant (usually left) temporal lobe.

17
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia, fluent aphasia).

A
  1. impaired comprehension
  2. impaired repetition
  3. anomia
  4. fluent speech devoid of meaning
18
Q

Name 4 symptoms of conduction aphasia, caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus (part that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas).

A

1, intact comprehension
2. fluent speech containing errors
3. impaired repetition
4. anomia

19
Q

Name a structure contained in the parietal lobe.

A

Somatosensory cortex

20
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory cortex (located in the parietal lobe)?

A

Process sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain and body position.

21
Q

Describe tactile agnosia.

A

Inability to recognize objects by touch.

22
Q

Describe asomatognosia.

A

Lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of the body.

23
Q

Describe anosognosia.

A

Denial of one’s illness.

24
Q

Name 3 types of apraxias caused by damage to the dominant (left) parietal lobe.

A
  1. limb-kinetic apraxia
  2. ideomotor apraxia
  3. ideational apraxia
25
Q

Describe limb-kinetic apraxia.

A

Inability to make precise, coordinated movements using a finger, hand, arm or leg.

26
Q

Describe ideomotor apraxia.

A

Inability to imitate a motor activity or perform a motor activity in response to a verbal request.

27
Q

Describe ideational apraxia.

A

Inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions.

28
Q

Describe contralateral neglect (caused by damage to right (nondominant) parietal lobe).

A

Neglect of the left side of the body and stimuli on the left side of the body.

29
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome (caused by damage to dominant (left) parietal lobe).

A
  1. right-left disorientation
  2. finger agnosia (inability to identify own fingers)
  3. agraphia (loss of writing skills)
  4. acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)
30
Q

Name 4 symptoms caused by damage to the visual cortex (occipital lobe).

A
  1. visual agnosia
  2. visual hallucinations
  3. achromatopsia (loss of color vision)
  4. cortical blindness
31
Q

Describe blindsight.

A

When you do not consciously see a visual stimulus but have appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it (e.g., reach for object you cannot see).

32
Q

Describe affective blindsight.

A

Inability to see emotional visual stimulus (e.g., facial emotion expression) but able to respond appropriately to it (e.g., say that the face of the person was angry even if you did not see the picture).

33
Q

Name 3 potential symptoms of bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction (prosopagnosia).

A
  1. inability to recognize familiar faces
  2. inability to recognize own face
  3. inability to recognize familiar pets or animals
34
Q

Name 3 functions for which the left hemisphere is responsible for 95% of right-handed people and 50-70% of left-handed people.

A
  1. written and spoken language
  2. logical and analytical thinking
  3. positive emotions
35
Q

Name 8 functions for which the right hemisphere is responsible in 95% of right-handed and 50-70% of left-handed people.

A
  1. holistic thinking
  2. intuition
  3. understanding spatial relationships
  4. creativity
  5. negative emotions
  6. emotional prosody
  7. pragmatics
  8. identifying basic sounds of language

Prepjet (3 decks)

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