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BMSC - Neuroanatomy > Brain Pathways > Flashcards

Brain Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rostral to caudal direction in people?

A

Eyes to back of head

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2
Q

Which three structures make up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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3
Q

What does the medulla connect to inferiorly?

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the main function of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Memory

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5
Q

What is the main function of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Emotional behaviour and memory

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6
Q

What is the main function of the ventral and ventrolateral anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Motor behaviour

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7
Q

What are the main relay neurons in the thalamus?

A

Ventralposteromedial nucleus
Ventralposterolateral nucleus

(VPM and VPL)

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8
Q

The VPM and VPL of the thalamus deal with which type of information?

A

Somatosensory

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9
Q

Where to the VPM and the VPL relay information to?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

What is the main role of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Integrating sensory input and associating it with cognitive function

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11
Q

What is the main role of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Processing visual stimuli

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12
Q

What is the main function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Auditory processing

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13
Q

What is the main role of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Processing visual information

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14
Q

What makes up the outer covering of the thalamus?

A

Reticular nucleus

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15
Q

How many cortical layers are there?

A

6

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16
Q

Which cortical layers receive input from the thalamus?

A

IV

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17
Q

Which cortical layers receive inputs from the brainstem?

A

II-VI

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18
Q

Which cortical layers send info to the cortex?

A

I and II

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19
Q

Which cortical layers send info to the opposite hemisphere?

A

I-III

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20
Q

Which cortical layers send info to brainstem and spinal cord?

A

All

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21
Q

Which cortical layers send information to the thalamus?

A

IV-VI

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22
Q

Which broadmann’s areas are the superior temporal gyrus?

A

41, 42

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23
Q

Which Broadmann’s area is the premotor area?

A

6

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24
Q

Which Broadmann’s area is the primary motor cortex?

A

4

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25
Q

Which Broadmann’s areas is the somatosensory cortex?

A

3, 1, 2

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26
Q

Which Broadmann’s areas is the posterior parietal cortex?

A

5, 7

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27
Q

In which Broadmann’s areas is the visual cortex?

A

17, 18, 19

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28
Q

In which Broadmann’s area is the inferotemporal cortex?

A

20, 21, 37

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29
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for object recognition?

A

Inferior temporal cortex

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30
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for spatial recognition?

A

Posterior parietal cortex

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31
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for semantic memory?

A

Anterior temporal lobe

32
Q

What are the three main parts of the PFC?

A

Lateral PFC
Ventromedial cortex (orbitofrontal)
Anterior cingulate cortex

33
Q

What is the main role of the lateral PFC?

A

Executive function, planning and working memory

34
Q

What is the main role of the ventromedial cortex?

A

Social cognition and decision making

35
Q

What is the main role of the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

Reward-based learning and social cognition

36
Q

Where is the entorhinal cortex?

A

Medial bank of the rhinal sulcus

37
Q

Where is the perirhinal cortex?

A

Lateral bank of rhinal sulcus

38
Q

Where is the parahippocampal cortex?

A

Lateral to the rhinal sulcus

39
Q

Which structure allows communication between the subcortical areas and the hippocampus?

A

Fornix

40
Q

Which parts of the rhinal sulcus send information to the entorhinal cortex?

A

Perirhinal and parahippocampal

41
Q

Where do the perirhinal and parrahippocampal send info to?

A

Association areas of the brain

Entorhinal cortex

42
Q

Which entorhinal neurons are damaged in Alzheimer’s?

A

Layer II entorhinal

43
Q

What is the main Input to the dentate gyrus?

A

Layer II entorhinal neurons

44
Q

What is the main input to CA3 neurons?

A

Layer II entorhinal neurons

45
Q

Where do CA3 neurons project to?

A

CA1 neurons

46
Q

Which structure degenerate in Korsakoffs syndrome?

A

Mamillary bodies

With some damage to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

47
Q

What is the limbic system mostly associated with?

A

Emotion and memory

48
Q

What is the amygdala mostly associated with?

A

Fear and stress

49
Q

What are the septal nuclei of the limbic system mostly associated with?

A

Pleasure and reward

50
Q

What is the cingulate mostly associated with?

A

Emotion and memory

51
Q

Where do the mamillary bodies connect to?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

52
Q

Which two parts of the basal ganglia are considered to be the striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

53
Q

What is the main role of the substantia nigra?

A

Facilitates movement

54
Q

What structure does the globus pallidus have an inhibitory effect on?

A

Thalamus

55
Q

What does the direct pathway do?

A

Facilitates movement

56
Q

What does the indirect pathway do?

A

Inhibits movement via the subthalamic nuclei

57
Q

What does the hyperdirect pathway do?

A

Inhibits unwanted movement

58
Q

Outline the direct pathway

A 
Excites putamen
Activates the inhibitory neurons in int GP
Inhibition of GP
Lift the inhibition of the thalamus 
Thalamus can be excited
Movement occurs
59
Q

Are the outputs of medium spiny neurons inhibitory or exhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

60
Q

What are the two regions of the substantia nigra and which has the most neurons?

A

Pars compacta - most neurons

Pars reticulata

61
Q

Which part of the substantia nigra has more GABA?

A

Pars reticulata

62
Q

Which dopamine receptor type is involved in the direct pathway?

A

D1

63
Q

Which dopamine receptor type is involved in the indirect pathway?

A

D2

64
Q

Outline the indirect pathway

A

Striatum inhibits the external GP
Which inhibits the ext GP
Which excites the int GP which then inhibits action in the thalamus

65
Q

What is the main function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Voluntary movement

66
Q

The lateral corticospinal tracts control….

A

Distal musculature

67
Q

The anterior/ventral corticospinal tracts control….

A

Proximal musculature

68
Q

When do LMNs leave the corticospinal tract?

A

At the level of the spinal cord of the innervated muscle

69
Q

In which layer are enterorhinal neurons damaged in alzheimers?

A

Layer II

70
Q

What is the Papez circuit composed of?

A

Subcortical projections of the hippocampus

71
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A bundle of fibres which carry information

72
Q

Name the parts of the limbic system.

A 
Fornix 
Cingulate cortex
Parahippocampal gyrus 
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus 
Septal nuclei 
Mamillary body
73
Q

Where do striatal medium spiny neurons receive input form?

A

Cortex and thalamus (excite)

SN (excitatory or inhib)

74
Q

Which type of input do medium spiny neurons receive?

A

Glutamatergic (excitatory)
or
Inhibitory

75
Q

What are D1 receptors coupled to?

A

Adenylyl cyclase (via G protein)

76
Q

Which part of the corticospinal tract controls distal musculature?

A

Lateral

77
Q

Which part of the corticospinal tract controls proximal musculature?

A

Anterior/ventral

BMSC - Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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