Brain Memory & Language - Unit 2 Flashcards
Anterior
Toward the front
Dorsal
Upper part
Inferior
Lower part
Lateral
Toward the outside of the brain
Medial
Towards the inside of the brain
Posterior
Toward the back
Superior
Upper part
Ventral
Lower part
Agrammatism
Synatactic Deficit: Problems producing or comprehending language form
Telegraphic Production (NVO: “Dog eat cookie”)
Agrammatism - Symptoms
3
Reduced variety of words and syntax
Leaves out function words (Is, are, the, and, etc.)
Leaves out main verbs (“Dan store”)
Angular Gyrus - Function
Wernicke’s Area doesn’t really respond to visual input.
The angular gyrus interprets letters into abstract linguistical concepts
Angular Gyrus - Location
3
Temporal Lobe
Near: Inferior edge of the Parietal Lobe
Left Hemisphere
Damage to the angular gyrus usually causes…
Acquired dyslexia
Anomia
4
Word retrieval deficit
More severe TOT effect (Tip of the Tongue)
Paraphasia
Word error
Apahsia
Acquired language impairment
Affects all modalities of language (reading, writing, listening, speaking)
Language Problems Associated with Aphasia
4
Form (Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, & morphemes)
Content (Meaning of words)
Use (Pragmatic Ability)
Usually will vary in severity and will change over time
Causes of Aphasia
4
Stoke (CVA)
Tramatic Brain Injury (less common)
Infections
Tumors
Common Deficits seen in Aphasia
6
Anomia
Phonemic Paraphasia
Semantic Paraphasia
Neologism
Perseveration
Stereotypic Utterances
Fluent Aphasia - Symptoms
4
Easy flow verbal output
Normal prosody
Anomia
Neologism & paraphasias
Nonfluent Aphasia - Symptoms
4
Slow, effortful, & labored speech
Impaired prosody
Anomia
May have Agrammatism
Types of Fluent Aphasia
4
Wernike’s Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Anomic Aphasia
Types of Nonfluent Aphasia
3
Broca’s Aphasia
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Global Aphasia
Broca’s Aphasia
Expressive Aphasia
Motor Aphasia
(5)
Production is more severely impaired than comprehension
Impaired naming & repetition
Agrammatism
Good self-monitoring
Written language typically mirrors their oral language
Anomic Aphasia
3
Comprehension and production are pretty good
Anomia is prominent
Mildest type of aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
4
Repetition is more impaired than comprehension and production
Fluent but more paraphasias (usually phonemic)
Oral reading difficulty but reading comprehension ok
Aware of errors
Global Aphasia
All language functions will be severely impaired
This diagnosis is used very sparingly because it’s hard to receive insurance help with this diagnosis
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Similar to Broca’s except better repetition (although delayed) and less anomia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Similar to Wernicke’s except repetition will be ok
Wernike’s Aphasia
Receptive Aphasia
Sensory Aphasia
(8)
Impaired comprehension
Production is fluent, smooth, and effortless
Syntax can be good and complex
Word retrieval difficulties
Jargon
Empty speech
Circumlocation
Neologisms
Levels of Impaired Comprehension in Wernicke’s Aphasia
3
Severe: Cannont comprehend simple information
Moderate: Get the gist, but miss the specifics
Mild: Some semantic impairments
Arcuate Fasciculus
Connects Broca’s & Wernicke’s Areas
Aprosodia
Prosody deficits
Diminished prosody (May result in monotone speech)
Loss of Emotional Prosody
Linguistic Prosody
Broca’s Area - Function
How to Form Words
Plans & organizes speech movements
Broca’s Area - Location
4
Inferior
Posterior
Frontal Gyrus
Left Hemisphere
Who was Paul Broca?
3
Lived 1824-1880
Noticed that patients with right side paralysis also had language disorders (aphasia)
Discovered that LH posterior frontal lobe is involved in speech production
Broca’s Patient: Tam
4
He had right side paralysis and obvious language problems
Could say “tam” and swear
He had good language comprehension
After death, damage was found in the left hemisphere to the posterior frontal lobe (Broca’s Area)
Broca’s Patient: LeLong
4
He had good comprehension
Communicated with gestures
Could say “oui”, “non”, “trois”, & “toujours”
After death, it was found that he had damage to the LH of the posterior frontal lobe (Broca’s Area)
Exner’s Writing Area - Function
Deals with pre-motor directions for your hand
Exner’s Writing Area - Location
Just above Broca’s Area in frontal lobe
Right Frontal Area - Function
Expression of emotion in faces/voices
Right Parieto-Temporal Area - Function
Perception of emotion in faces/voices
Wernicke’s Area - Function
3
Connects sounds to words and meanings
Matches the set of sounds to the set of stored words
Now the meaning is understood
Wernicke’s Area - Location
4
Superior
Posterior
Temporal Gyrus
Left Hemisphere
Who was Karl Wernicke?
3
Lived 1848-1904
Wernicke discovered that the posterior temporal lobe is involved in language comprehension
Also proposed a language processing model (extended by Geschwind)
Wernicke’s Patient
3
Had a patient who spoke fluently but the speech was nonsensical
Patient also could not understand speech and suffered no paralysis
Autopsy revealed damage to the posterior temporal lobe
What percentage of people have Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas in the Left Hemisphere?
90%
What would happen if you were to accidentally remove Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas?
The patient will no longer be able to produce or understand language
Cerebral Commissurotomy
3
A procedure to keep hemispheres from interacting with each other
The surgeon cuts completely through the corpus callosum
Still performed today
Confabulatation vs. Lying
Confabulate = make up things, trying to explain things, may believe their own explanations
Lying = You know you are saying something wrong and are trying to deceive
Corpus Callosum
It connects the two hemispheres
Primary Auditory Cortex - Function
Processes Nerve Signals into Sounds
Auditory Perception
Only sound - no meaning
Primary Auditory Cortex - Location
4
Superior
Anterior
Temporal Lobe
Left Hemisphere
Primary Motor Cortex - Function
Guides Motor Movement
Primary Motor Cortex - Location
Posterior
Frontal Lobe
Dysgraphia
Difficulty writing
Often accompanies dyslexia
Phonological Dysgraphia
3
Can spell known regular words
Can spell known irregular words
Cannot spell non-words
Surface Dysgraphia
Words are spelled like they sound
Dyslexia
Difficulty reading
Acquired Dyslexia
3
Sometimes “Alexia”
Normal reading is affected by stroke, disease, or TBI
A LOSS of skill
Types of Acquired Dyslexia
3
Surface Dyslexia/Dysgraphia
Phonological Dyslexia/Dysgraphia
Deep Dyslexia
What acquired dyslexia is similar to Dysphonetic Dyslexia (Auditory Dyslexia)?
Phonological Dyslexia
What acquired dyslexia is similar to Dyseidetic Dyslexia (Visual Dyslexia)?
Surface Dyslexia
Deep Dyslexia
Most severe form of acquired dyslexia
Deep Dyslexia - Symptoms
4
Visual errors (Quarrel might be read as Squirrel)
Semantic Errors (Daughter read as Sister, Hot read as Cold, In read as His)
Visual & Semantic Errors (Sympathy read as Orchestra)
Non-Word Errors (Teep read as Sweets)
Developmental Dyslexia
3
Difficulties in developing normal reading skills
No loss of skill
Nothing wrong with child but they are having trouble gaining fluent reading skills
Types of Developmental Dyslexia
3
Dyseidetic Dyslexia (Visual Dyslexia)
Dysphonetic Dyslexia (Auditory Dyslexia)
Dysphoneidetic (Mixed) Dyslexia
What developmental dyslexia is similar to Surface Dyslexia?
Dyseidetic Dyslexia or Visual Dyslexia
What developmental dyslexia is similar to Phonological Dyslexia?
Dysphonetic Dyslexia or Auditory Dyslexia
Dyseidetic Dyslexia
Visual Dyslexia
(3)
Deficit is in analyzing or remembering symbols
Can remember the parts but not how they fit together
Similar to Acquired Surface Dyslexia
Dyseidetic Dyslexia & the Brain
Visual Dyslexia & the Brain
(3)
Brains scans have shown that Angular Gyrus is less active than in normal readers
Possible Angular Gyrus dysfunction?
Frontal Lobe is much more active because it’s doing more work
Characteristics of Dyseidetic Dyslexia
Characteristics of Visual Dyslexia
(4)
Letter order confusion (Read/spell “dose” for “does”, “on” as “no”)
Heavy reliance on sounding out words (Can’t do whole word reading)
Extreme difficulty with irregular words (“laugh” is read “log” and spelled “laff”)
Common irregular words cause the most trouble (“was”, “said”, “does”)
Dysphoneidetic Dyslexia
Mixed Dyslexia
Trouble with both sound and symbols
Most severe (hardest to treat)
Dysphonetic Dyslexia
Auditory Dyslexia
Difficulty with what & where sounds are in a word
Some children may be referred to as having phonological dyslexia
Characteristics of Dysphonetic Dyslexia
Characteristics of Auditory Dyslexia
(7)
Dependence on sight vocabulary
Trouble with phonics (sounding out words)
Spellings may be bizarre because they don’t follow phonological rules.
High frequency words are easier
Guessing based on context - not letters (“He was riding the donkey” read as “He was riding the horse”)
Unknown words are the hardest (“farm” instead of “familiar”
“lap” instead of “lamp”)
Similar to phonological dyslexia
Phonological Dyslexia
3
There is a break down in the phonological route
This means they cannot sound things out
Cannot read non-words or unfamiliar words
Phonological Dyslexia - Symptoms
6
Rely on recognizing words
Are unable to use phonological rules to sound out words
Known regular words are intact
Known irregular words are intact
Cannot read non-words
Cannot read non-word homophones
Surface Dyslexia
3
There is a breakdown in the direct visual route.
The mental dictionary still exists but they cannot access it visually only audibly
This means they must phonetically decode everything
Surface Dyslexia - Symptoms
6
It is like becoming an early reader again where they sound everything out
Have a heavy reliance on phonological rules
They can read regularly spelled words
They can read non words that are spelled regularly
They cannot recognize irregular words
Non-word homophones seem fine to them (Grean vs. Green, etc.)
What happens when split brain patients encounter a Chimeric Face (1/2 of one person and 1/2 of another)?
They report seeing a single face
Seems like each hemisphere completes a complete face.
Who was Dr. Marc Dax?
4
Country doctor
In 1836, he reported on 3 patients who had right side paralysis and language disorders (aphasia)
Stated that this meant language is localized to the left brain hemisphere
Was ridiculed by the medical Academy and ignored
Auditory Hemispheres
Right Ear advantage for speech since speech is left hemisphere localized
Left Ear advantage for music & non-verbal sound
Left Hemisphere Specialties
8
Language!
Logical & Analytical Processing
Math
Time & Order
Interpretation of the world
Details
Local Processing
How do I get to the end result
How is language affected by LH damage?
Can’t speak fluently
Can’t comprehend
Right Hemisphere Specialties
6
Visuo-spatial skills & imagery
Recognizing faces
Recognition & Expression of Emotion
Processing of Music & Humor
Gestures & prosody (how we say the words: intonation)
Global Processing
What areas of speech can the RH process?
Familiar, concrete nouns
Simple Syntax (Like a two-year-old’s comprehension)
Facial Expressions & the Right Hemisphere
4
There are subtle difference between expressions
We perceive emotions even in very simple faces
We have a left-facing bias
People often pose to show our right side or to have the shadow fall on the left
RHD & Negative Emotions
4
Some evidence that the RH may be dominant in processing negative emotions where the LH may be more so in processing positive emotions (Still being studied)
Patients with RHD have trouble with the negative emotions but not so much the positive
Some of these patients may not be able to recognize negative emotions but they may still be able to express negative emotion
They may not “see” emotion in phrases
“I can’t believe he made this mess again!” vs. “When he leaves a mess, it makes me mad!”
How is language affected by RH Damage?
Speech remains fluent but other aspects are affected
Emotional Expression & RHD
4
Difficulty in making emotional expressions
Difficulty in conveying emotions to other people
Difficulty in recognizing emotional expressions
It can appear to others that the patient just doesn’t care what others are feeling
Other Deficits from RHD
9
Discourse (sentence) appropriateness and organization (in production)
Many RHD patients show disrupted, spontaneous speech (excessive, rambling, & repetitive)
No turn taking
They use a lot of words but don’t give a lot of information
They have trouble judging relevance (What’s the important information)
They tend to wander off topic
They may confabulate
Given a bizarre story, they don’t act surprised and may justify the weird events
Their language may be ego-centric (Assumption that everyone knows what they know)
What percentage of RHD patients show language impairment?
About 50% show some level of communication impairment
These are beyond the basic linguistic level
Which hemisphere is more impulsive?
RH very impulsive - especially when mad
Which hemisphere is language dominant?
The Left Hemisphere
Which hemisphere is dominant in emotional processing?
RH is dominant in emotional processing
Language & Lateralization
4
95% of right handed people are language LH dominant
70% of left handed people are language LH dominant
Very few are language RH dominant
Those who are not language LH dominant tend to be language bilateral
Can most people speak or comprehend language when the Left Hemisphere is asleep?
No
Why is language mapping done when the patient is fully awake?
You can’t map language unless the patient is able to talk
Who discovered that language was localized in the left hemisphere?
Dr. Marc Dax
Mental Process for Understanding Speech (Listening)
Primary Auditory Cortex processes Nerve Signals into Sounds
Wernicke’s Area interprets Sounds into Words
Linguistic Pathway for Listening
2
Primary Auditory Cortex => Wernicke’s
Linguistic Pathway for Reading
3
Primary Visual Cortex => Angular Gyrus => Wernicke’s
Linguistic Pathway for Talking
4
Wernicke’s => Arcuate Fasciculus => Broca’s => Primary Motor Cortex
Linguistic Pathway for Writing
6
Wernicke’s => Angular Gyrus => Arcuate Fasciculus => Broca’s => Exner’s => Primary Motor Cortex
Language Areas Located in the Frontal Lobe
2
Broca’s Area
Primary Motor Cortex
Language Areas Located in the Temporal Lobe
5
Wernicke’s Area
Primary Auditory Cortex
Angular Gyrus
Arcuate Fasciculus
Exner’s Writing Area
Neologism
A made up word
Jargon
Phonemic Paraphasia
Substituting different sounds or syllables for the correct on
Instead of “ground” saying “round” or “bound”
Semantic Paraphasia
Producing a semantically related word instead of target
Instead of “chair” saying “bench” or “bed”
Perseveration
Inappropriate repetition of a response
Who created Phrenology?
Franz Joseph Gall
Global Processing
Processing of wholes
Comprehending the big picture
Local Processing
Processing of parts
Logical & Analytical Processing
Steps of fulfilling goals
Processing of Music & Humor
Hearing notes in the background (left) to recognizing the tune (right)
Slapstick (left) towards satire (right)
Time & Order Processing
Time management
Organization
Time estimation
Prosody
3
Tone and flow of language
The “music” of speech
Intonation, stress, etc.
Emotional Prosody
3
Emotional content in voice
Expressing emotions in speech
Judging the emotional tone of others
Gestures & Prosody
4
Prosody = How we say the words: intonation
We understand people better when they gesture
Emotional prosody
Emphasis prosody
Linguistic Prosody
Grammatical prosody
Like raising your tone to ask a question
When learning to read, what reading route do kids mostly rely on?
The phonological route
As they become more experienced, they begin to rely on the direct visual route
Direct Visual Route
4
Word’s letter units are processes
The letters are compared to the mental dictionary
The meaning is connected to the word
This works for both regular and irregular words
Dual Route Model of Reading
Direct Visual Route vs. Phonological Route
Phonological Route
4
Word’s letter units are processes
The letters are phonologically decoded
The sounds are compared to the audio dictionary
Meaning is comprehended (or not for a non-word)
Dr. Sperry & Dr. Gazzaniga
4
Set up tests with split brain patients so information only goes to one hemisphere
Patients only reacted abnormally during tests
In everyday life, these patients respond normally to objects in their environment.
This is possible because we rarely if ever are required (or able) to use only one hemisphere
During the Sperry/Gazzaniga tests, what happened when the subjects interacted with objects on the left side?
(3)
When things were experienced by the left, then they did not know what it was
But when asked to locate an item by touch, they could do this with their left side with 100% accuracy
They can also use the item (fork, pen, etc) according to its function
During the Sperry/Gazzaniga tests, what happened when the subjects interacted with objects on the right side?
When things where experienced by the right side, then they could name the item and use them according to their function
What condition can occur immediately after split brain surgery?
(3)
“Oppositional” behaviors
One side acts in opposition to the other
Example: one side engages in buttoning and the other in unbuttoning
Mental Process for Speech Response (Talking)
4
Wernicke’s Area selects Words
Arcuate Fasciculus passes on Information
Broca’s Area recalls how to Form Words
Primary Motor Cortex guides Motor Movement
Stereotypic Utterances
A word of phrase used frequently and in inappropriate situations
Wada Test
4
Named after Dr. Wada
Hemisphere dominance test
One hemisphere is put to sleep. (A few days later they will test the other hemisphere)
When each side is asleep they ask the patient questions
What kinds of questions are asked during the Wada Test
3
Identify pictures and/or words (language)
Fluency task (name all the fruits you can)
Later they will ask what items were shown (memory)
During the Wada Test, what is injected into the brain to put a hemisphere to sleep? Where is it injected?
Sodium Amytal
It is injected into a left or right cerebral artery
What happens after the initial Wada Test?
This will be repeated after the other hemisphere comes back online
Sometimes the patient will not even remember being shown people
Valence Theory
3
The RH is primarily responsible for negative emotions
The LH is primarily responsible for positive emotions
There is limited support for this theory
Dr. Van Wagenen
4
1940s
Worked with patients with severe epilepsy
Created the Cerebral Commissurotomy
Patients seemed to suffer no ill effects and no longer had seizures
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language
Assumes language is in the LH Frontal language areas
Visuo-spatial skills & imagery
Manipulating shapes in the head
Envisioning an image in your head
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