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SHS 350 > Brain Memory & Language 4 > Flashcards

Brain Memory & Language 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Recall Test

A

Material is learned then reproduced later

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1
Q

What do Explicit Memory Tests measure?

What do Direct Memory Tests measure?

A

Memory that we express with awareness

Conscious memory

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2
Q

Serial Recall Test

A

Material is learned then reproduced in the same order

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3
Q

Free Recall Test

A

Material is learned and reproduced in any order

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4
Q

Cued Recall Test

A

Material is learned then reproduced using other words as memory triggers

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5
Q

What do Implicit Memory Tests measure?

What do Indirect Memory Tests measure?

A

Memories that is expressed WITHOUT awareness

Unconscious access to memory

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6
Q

How are Implicit Memory Tests performed?

How are Indirect Memory Tests performed?

A

Subjects are asked to “do this task”

They usually don’t know their memory is being tested

Tests look for a subject’s improvement because this shows material is being retained.

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7
Q

How do people with amnesia perform on explicit vs. implicit memory test?

A

They tend to be horrible at direct memory tests but do amazing well on indirect memory tests

They seem to be able to store material but not to consciously access it.

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8
Q

What does the Ventral Pathway connect?

A

The Occipital and Temporal Lobes

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9
Q

What sort of information is handled by the ventral pathway?

A

What is ______?

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10
Q

Damage to what neural pathway causes Agnosia?

A

Ventral Pathway

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11
Q

What does the Dorsal Stream connect?

A

The Occipital to the Parietal

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12
Q

What sort of information is handled by the Dorsal Stream?

A

How something functions or works?

Where something is located?

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13
Q

Agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects even though the person has intact sensory modalities (abilities)

Can only affect one sense modality

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14
Q

Is Agnosia a sensory deficit?

A

No, it is a recognition deficit

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15
Q

What is the most common form of Agnosia?

A

Visual Agnosia

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16
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

A person can see an object, but they cannot recognize it.

They can recognize objects by using their other senses.

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17
Q

Two Types of Visual Agnosia

A

Apperceptive Agnosia

Associative Agnosia

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18
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

There is a visual perception problem

The person sees the parts but not the whole

They cannot integrate the visual information into a stable representation

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19
Q

Someone with Apperceptive Agnosia cannot…

A

Visual recognize objects, words, or faces

Match by shape

Copy drawings

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20
Q

Someone with Apperceptive Agnosia can…

A

See and reach for objects

Can identify colors

Identify objects using their other senses

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21
Q

Sometimes people with Apperceptive Agnosia are assumed to be…

A

…blind

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22
Q

What is the most common CAUSE of Agnosia?

A

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

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23
Q

What sort of neural damage causes Apperceptive Agnosia?

A

Occipital lesions that are located towards the Ventral Pathways

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24
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

Subject can form a stable mental concept of something but they cannot connect this to their Long Term Memory

Thus, they have no recognition of the object

They can’t name or use objects

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25
Q

People with Associative Agnosia can…

A

ID items by touch

Copy drawings

Match by shape

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26
Q

People with Associative Agnosia cannot…

A

Name items (even their own drawings)

Match items by use or category using sight

Match drawings to objects

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27
Q

What sort of neural damage causes Associative Agnosia?

A

Bilateral damage along the Ventral Pathway in the Temporal Lobe

28
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

The inability to recognize individual faces

29
Q

People with Prosopagnosia can…

A

Identify faces as faces

Identify parts of face

30
Q

Types of Prosopagnosia

A

Acquired Prosopagnosia

Developmental Prosopagnosia

31
Q

What sort of neural damage caused Prosopagnosia?

A

Damage to the Fusiform Face Area

32
Q

Where is the Fusiform Face Area located?

A

In the Inferior Temporal Lobe

33
Q

Acquired Prosopagnosia

A

Caused by brain damage

Often co-occurs with agnosia

Is very rare

34
Q

Developmental Prosopagnosia

A

There is no brain damage

Is highly variable

Is more common than previously thought

35
Q

Facial recognition is…

A

RH dominant

36
Q

How do normal people process upside down faces?

A

We have a much harder time.

We really want to look at faces when they are right side up

Many prosopagnosiacs find this easier

37
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attending to specific information while ignoring other information

Other things aren’t noticed until someone or something directs your attention to them

38
Q

Controlled Attention

Decision-Making Attention

A

You control or decide where to attend and on what

Focusing on your computer in a coffeehouse, focusing on the ball in a basketball game, etc.

39
Q

Automatic Attention

Reflexive Attention

“Surprise” Attention

A

You can’t stop yourself from attending to this information

Sudden loud noises, flashing lights, sudden movement, etc.

40
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

You can’t help but attend to your own name

Sometimes you’ll even attend to words that sound like your name

41
Q

Neural Bases of Attention

A

PAS - Posterior Attentional System

AAS - Anterior Attentional System

VS - Vigilance System

42
Q

Posterior Attentional System

PAS

A

Orienting attention in space (Where is it?)

Automatic attention

43
Q

What area of the brain is the PAS associated with?

A

Parietal Lobe

Somatosensory Cortex (Anterior Parietal Lobe - Strip)

44
Q

Anterior Attentional System

AAS

A

Selective Attention System (What is important? Irrelevant?)

Controlled Attention

45
Q

What area of the brain is the AAS associated with?

A

Pre-Frontal Cortex

46
Q

Vigilance System

VS

A

Sustained Attention

47
Q

What area of the brain is the VS associated with?

A

Right Pre-Frontal Cortex

Right Parietal Lobe

Lateralized in the RH

48
Q

If you don’t attend to something…

A

…you won’t “see” it

49
Q

Change Blindness

A

The inability to notice large changes in the environment

To see an object change, you must attend to it.

50
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

When people are tightly focused on one task, they will fail to notice other things

51
Q

Top Down Attention

A

Controlled Decision Making

You choose what to focus on

52
Q

Bottom Up Attention

A

Your attention is grabbed by something outside of yourself

Automatic Attention

53
Q

Hemi-Neglect

A

Characterized by only attending to information on one side

54
Q

What sort of neural damage can cause hemi-neglect?

A

Damage to the Right Parietal Lobe

55
Q

What attention systems are affected by hemi-neglect?

A

Posterior Attention System

Vigilance System

56
Q

Left Neglect is…

A

More common

More severe

Longer lasting than Right Neglect

57
Q

Visual Neglect

Spatial Neglect

A

Things on the left side are not “seen”

These patients may regularly bump into objects on their left

In severe cases they may even ignore sounds on their left

58
Q

Is Visual Neglect a visual problem?

A

No!

59
Q

Hemi-Neglect vs. Hemisensory Loss

A

Neglect = No awareness, totally ignores left side

Loss = Awareness, compensates for inability

60
Q

Steps to Attention

A

Input ->

Perception ->

Attention

61
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe associated with?

5

A

Sensation

Perception

Integrating Information (Sensory & Visual)

Spatial Layout & Orientation

Body Perception & Orientation

62
Q

Somatosensory Strip

Sensory Cortex

A

Processing Tactile Sensory Input

Integrating Sensory Information

Spatial Relationships

63
Q

Mismatches in visual & sensory information…

A

…is confusing

64
Q

Agosognosia

A

Lack of awareness of impairment

Denial of impairment

Usually of hemiparesis or hemiplegia

65
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Extreme weakness of the right side

66
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of the right side

67
Q

What sort of neural damage can cause Anosognosia?

A

Right Parietal Damage

68
Q

How do Anosognosiac patients explain their impairment?

A

“I don’t know why this isn’t working”

“I am doing it”

Confabulation

SHS 350 (4 decks)

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