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AP1 B3 > Brain-Lower > Flashcards

Brain-Lower Flashcards

1
Q

The major parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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2
Q

The brain stem consists of?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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3
Q

Posterior to the brain stem

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

Superior to the brain stem

A

Diencephalon

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5
Q

Diencephalon comprises mainly

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

The _____ is supported on the diencephalon and brain stem, largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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7
Q

The meninges consist of 3 sections?

A 
Dura Mater (outer)
Arachnoid Mater (middle)
Pia Mater (inner)
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8
Q

The cranial dura mater has two layers, whereas the spinal dura matter has?

A

One layer

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9
Q

The cranial dura mater consists of

A

External Periosteal Layer

Internal Meningeal Layer

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10
Q

The two cranial dura mater layers are fused together except where they separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses that drain blood into the ?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

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11
Q

Separates the two hemispheres (sides) of the cerebrum

A

Falx cerebri

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12
Q

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Falx Cerebelli

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13
Q

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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14
Q

Some parts of the brain lack the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus (median eminence)

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15
Q

The BBB is formed by a combination of _____ of the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and _____ foot processes

A

Tight junctions

Astrocyte

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16
Q

Substances that cross the BBB very slowy

A

Creatinine
Urea
Most Ions

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17
Q

Some substances do not cross BBB at all, ex:

A

Proteins

Most antibiotic drugs

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18
Q

Lipid soluble substances cross easily, ex:

A

Oxygen
CO2
Alcohol
Most anesthetic agents

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19
Q

Some water-soluble substances (such as glucose) cross the BBB by ?

A

Active transport

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20
Q

Protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries

Carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuorglia

Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord, and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and the pia mater)

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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21
Q

Ventricles are four CSF filled cavities within the brain

The _____ ventricles together comprise the 1st and 2nd

The 3rd ventricle is a narrow cavity surrounded by the right and left halves of the _____?

The 4th ventricle is between the brain stem and _____?

A

Lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd)

Thalamus (3rd)

Brain stem and cerebellum (4th)

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22
Q

A thin membrane called the _____ separates the lateral ventricles

A

Septum Pellucidum

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23
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) is produced in the?

A

Choroid Plexuses in walls of ventricles

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24
Q

These are networks of capillaries covered by ependymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma filtration (and some secretion)

A

Choroid Plexuses in walls of ventricles

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25
Q

The ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions thereby preventing materials from leaking between the cells, and forcing materials that might potentially enter the CSF to be subjected to _____?

A

Ependymal Cell Selectivity

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26
Q

from the choroid plexuses, CSF flows into the 3rd ventricle through two small openings called the ___ ____?

A

Interventricular Foramina

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27
Q

Then the roof of the 3rd ventricle produces more CSF and then it flows into the 4th Ventricle through the ___ ___? Where choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle produce more CSF.

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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28
Q

From the 4th ventricle, CSF enters the ___ ____ through three openings in the roof of the 4th ventricle.

A

Subarachnoid space

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29
Q

Three openings in the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Median aperture

Two lateral apertures (pair on each side)

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30
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through ___ ___, which project into the CSF circulatory spaces

A

Arachnoid Villi

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31
Q

Condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain?

A

Hydrocephalus

Hydro= water
Cephalus= head
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32
Q

A limited number of patients having obstructive hydrocephalus can be treated with a procedure called ___ _____. Aided by a neuroscope, a small hole is made in the floor of the third ventricle, allowing the CSF to bypass the obstruction

A

Third Ventriculostomy

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33
Q

A network of interspersed gray and white matter called the ___ ___ extends throughout the brain stem

A

Reticular formation

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34
Q

The ____ is called the vital brain because it regulates functions upon which life is most dependent, and which occur without our voluntary action: control of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex centers for coughing, swallowing, & vomiting that respond without cognitive processing

A

Medulla Oblongata

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35
Q

The medulla begins at the ___ ___, and is a continuation of the___ ___

A

Foramen Magnum

Spinal Cord

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36
Q

White matter of the medulla contains all ascending ( or ?) and descending (or ?) tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain

A

ascending = sensory

descending = motor

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37
Q

The ____ are bulges of white matter on the anterior of Medulla Oblongata where the largest motor tracts pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

They represent the corticospinal tracts

A

Pyramids

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38
Q

Most of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side (____?), and vice versa.

A

Decussate

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39
Q

in the Medullary nuclei, the ___ ___ regulates rate and force of the heartbeat and blood vessel diameter

A

Cardiovascular Center

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40
Q

In the Medullary nuclei, the ___ ___ area (part of the respiratory center) adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medullary rhythmicity

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41
Q

In the Medullary nuclei, the The ___ ___ of the medulla promotes swallowing of a mass (bolus) of food that has moved from the mouth into the pharynx (throat)

A

deglutition center

42
Q

The vomiting center (___ ___) of the medulla causes vomiting, the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract through the mouth

A

Area Postrema

43
Q

The ___ ____ comprises part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the brain, receiving input from taste buds of the tongue

A

gustatory nucleus

44
Q

____ nuclei receive auditory input from the cochlea of the ear, and are therefore part of the auditory pathway

A

Cochlear

45
Q

____nuclei are components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain, receiving sensory information from vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

A

Vestibular

46
Q

Lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling called an ___.
The inferior ___ nucleus within each ___ relays impulses to the cerebellum from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain, and spinal cord proprioceptors that monitor joint and muscle position

A

Olive

Olivary

Olive

47
Q

The right and left gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are in the ___ part of the medulla

They are associated with sensastions of touch, conscious proprioception, pressure and vibration

A

Posterior

48
Q

First order sensory neurons having their cell bodies in ___ ___ of the spinal cord ascend in the posterior columns of the posterior nuclei of the medulla.

The second-order neurons ascend to the thalamus in a band of white matter called the medial lemniscus (lemniscus = ribbon)

The medial lemniscus extends through the medulla, pons, and midbrain

The tracts of the posterior columns and axons of the medial lemniscus are collectively known as the ___ __-__ ___ pathway

A

Dorsal Roots

Posterior column-medial lemniscus

49
Q

? is superior to the medulla

Consists of both nuclei, sensory tracts, and motor tracts (like the medulla)

It is a bridge that connects one part of the brain with another

A

The Pons

50
Q

Nuclei comprising the pneumotaxic area and apneustic area help control ____, in conjunction with the medullary rhymicity area of the medulla

A

Breathing

51
Q

Action of ___ muscles is controlled by bilateral clusters of neurons in both the medulla oblongata and pons, collectively called the respiratory center and comprising

  • Medullary rhythmicity area
  • Pneumotaxic area
  • Apneustic area
A

Respiratory

52
Q

The ____ area turns off the inspiratory area before the lungs become too full

A

Pneumotaxic

53
Q

The ____ area prolongs inhalation by sending stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area

A

Apneustic

54
Q

The ____ (VIII) nerve has nuclei in two parts of the brain stem, pons and medulla

A

Vestibularchochlear

55
Q

CN VIII, The ____ branch has sensory axons that end in the vestibular nuclei in the pons (although some enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle)

A

Vestibular

56
Q

CN VIII, The ____ branch has sensory axons that end in nuclei in the medulla oblongata

A

Cochlear

57
Q

The ____ is also termed the mesencephalon

Connects the pons to the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.)

It consists of both nuclei and tracts (like the medulla and pons)

A

Midbrain

58
Q

The ____ ____ are a pair of tracts containing axons of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord (corticospinal), medulla (corticobulbar), and pons (corticopontine), as well as axons of sensory neurons that extend from the medulla to the thalamus

A

Cerebral Peduncles

59
Q

The ____ (roof) contains two pairs of rounded elevations collectively called the corpora quadrigemina

A

Tectum

60
Q

Comprise the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi (ko-LIK-ū-lī ; little hills; singular = colliculus)

A

Corpora Quadrigemina

61
Q

___ ___ are reflex centers for visual reflexes and for visually tracking moving objects

A

Superior colliculi

62
Q

___ ___ are part of the auditory pathway as well as reflex centers for auditory stimuli

A

Inferior colliculi

63
Q

This is the center responsible for involuntary turning of the head when an object is detected “out of the corner of the eye”

A

Superior Colliculi

64
Q

Part of the auditory pathway that relays impulses from hearing receptors in the inner ear to the thalamus

This is the center responsible for the startle reflex, which is the involuntary turning of the head in response to an unexpected sound

A

Inferior Colliculi

65
Q

Large darkly pigmented nuclei that release dopamine

Helps control subconscious muscle activities

Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson disease

A

Substantia Nigra

66
Q

Reddish due to rich blood supply and iron-containing pigment in neuron cell bodies

Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex synapse with the red nuclei, functioning in the coordination of muscular movements

The rubrospinal tract originates in the red nucleus

The red nucleus controls crawling of babies and swinging of arms in normal walking. It and the rubrospinal tract are primarily involved in control of large muscles of the shoulder and arm, with sparse control over the hands, but not fine control of the fingers which is performed by the corticospinal tract. It does not affect the lower limbs since the rubrospinal tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord

A

Red Nuclei

67
Q

Much of the brainstem consists of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies along with small bundles of myelinated axons.

This fairly extensive region of interspersed gray and white matter in the brain stem is termed the ___ ___.

A

Reticular formation

68
Q

Part of the reticular formation called the ___ ___ ___ consists of sensory axons that help maintain consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

69
Q

Second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

70
Q

In the Cerebellum, the central constricted area is termed ___?

A

Vermis (worm)

71
Q

In the Cerebellum, the surface has many ridges, or convolutions, called ___?

A

Folia (leaves)

72
Q

The cerebellar cortex is gray matter, also exhibiting the foliar ridges
The white matter forms the ___ ___ (tree of life)

A

Arbor Vitae

73
Q

___ ___ are bundles of white matter comprising axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

74
Q

How many pairs of Cerebellar Peduncles?

A

Three

Superior
Middle
Inferior

75
Q

____ peduncles are anterior structures that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons.

____ peduncles are posterior structures that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.

A

Cerebral

Cerebellar

76
Q

The main function of the ___ is to evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out, by comparing what was intended with what is actually being done

A

Cerebellum

77
Q

When discrepancies are detected this sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex, thereby providing for smooth, coordinated movement

The ____ is also the main region of the brain that regulates posture and balance

A

Cerebellum

78
Q

Cerebellum, The ___ and ___ ___ mediate unconscious refinements of skeletal muscle movements

A

Anterior and Posterior Lobes

79
Q

Cerebellum, The ____ lobe contributes to equilibrium and balance

A

Floculonodular

80
Q

____ (meaning without order; incoordination) is an inability to coordinate muscular movements

____ describes a symptom of incoordination associated with cerebellar infections, injuries, diseases, or degenerative changes

A

Ataxia

81
Q 
Comprises: 
Thalamus 
Hypothalamus 
Epithalamus 
Subthalamus
A

Diencephalon

82
Q

Surrounds the third ventricle

Extends from brain stem to cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

83
Q

Makes up most of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

84
Q

Consists of paired oval masses of gray matter organized into NUCLEI, plus some white matter tracts.

The two halves are connected across the third ventricle by a bridge of gray matter called the intermediate mass.

A

Thalamus

85
Q

The ____ is the main RELAY station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, the brain stem, or the midbrain.

A

Thalamus

86
Q

The ___ ___ is a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates the thalamus and caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus

A

Internal Capsule

87
Q

The ____ is a small portion of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalamus

It controls many body activities, and is a major regulator of homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

____ bodies serve as relay stations for reflexes related to the sense of smell

A

Mammillary Bodies

89
Q

The ____ is the major structure of concern for the tuberal region

It is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

90
Q

The ____ is the main visceral control center of the body, and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis. Few tissues in the body escape its influence.

A

Hypothalamus

91
Q

The small ____ comprises the habenular nuclei and pineal gland, and is superior and posterior to the thalamus

A

Epithalamus

92
Q

___ ___ are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors

A

Habenular Nuclei

93
Q

The ___ ___ secretes the hormone melatonin, and is part of the endocrine system

A

Pineal Gland

94
Q

The ____ is a small area containing tracts and the paired subthalamic nuclei, lying immediately below the thalamus

It works with other structures of the brain to control body movement

A

Subthalamus

95
Q

Symptoms of injury to the medulla include paralysis and loss of sensation on the ___ side of the body, and irregularities in breathing or heart rhythm

A

Opposite

96
Q

When the inspiratory center is active, it generates nerve impulses to the ____ intercostal muscles and the ____, resulting inspiration.

A

external intercostal

Diphragm

97
Q

During forceful breathing, impulses from the expiratory area are sent to the ____ intercostal muscle and ____ muscles. Contraction of these muscles causes forceful exhalation.

A

Internal intercostal

Abdominal

98
Q

Mammillary bodies are part of the ____ (of the diencephalon)

A

Hypothalamus

99
Q

Pupillary reflex?

A

adjusts size of eyes

100
Q

_____ reflex refers to the shape of lens for close or distant viewing

A

Accomodation

AP1 B3 (3 decks)

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