Brain-Cerebrum/Homeostatic disorders Flashcards
The ___ ___ is an outer rim of grey matter containing billions of neurons
Cerebral Cortex
White and Gray matter
In the ___ ___, deep to the cortex is cerebral white matter
There is also gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter
Cerebral Cortex
White and Gray matter
The cerebral cortex contains folds called a ___
Gyrus
A ____ is a shallow groove between gyri
Sulcus
Deeper grooves between gyri are termend ___
Fissures
The ____ fissure is the most prominent, separating the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
longitudinal
The ___ and fissures are formed during embryonic development when the gray matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter
Gyri
Each hemisphere communicates by means of a commissure called the ___ ___
Corpus Callosum
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into four lobes, named after the bones that covers each of them
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
The ___ ___separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central Sulcus
The ___-___ ___ separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
The ___ ___ sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes
Lateral Cerebral sulcus
___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
Association Tracts
___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. The corpus callosum is an example
Commissural Tracts
___ ___ contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. The internal capsule is an example
Projection tracts
These are important groups of ___ ___ are
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure
Commissural tracts
The ___ ___ is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere
Basal ganglia
*Name is an exception to the normal meaning of ganglia, since the term ganglia is usually applied to collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
The three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere of the basal ganglia?
Globus Pallidus
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus
The three nuclei of the basal ganglia are further grouped into
-Corpus Striatum- (all 3) Globulus Pallidus Putamen Caudate Nucleus
and
-Lentiform-Nucleus (only Globus Pallidus and Putamen)
The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia by the ___ ___, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus.
Internal Capsule
The ___ ___ help regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone
Basal Ganglia
___ ___, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
Parkinsons Disease
___ ___ which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum
Huntington’s Disease
Damage to the ___ ___ results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements.
Basal Ganglia
The ___ ___ is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger
Limbic System
Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic lobe Dentate gyrus Cingulate gyrus Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus Olfactory bulbs Fornix
are components of the ___ ___
Limbic System
The ___ plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories
Hippocampus
The ___ are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness
Amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)
___ ___ synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations
Olfactory bulbs
The ___ ___ lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum
It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory
It coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain
Cingulate Gyrus
The ___ is a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus
Fornix
It carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus
Fornix
Hippocampal damage can result in ___ ___, which is the loss of ability to form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
The ___ ___ is the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements.
Cerebral Cortex
It is composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts
Cerebral Cortex
Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the opposite (___) side of the body
Contralateral
The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is ___ (specialization) of cortical function.
Lateralization
___ areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs
Association
___ ___ ___ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis
Primary Sensory Areas
Primary motor areas are the originators of voluntary ___ contractions
Muscular
___ areas, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness
Association
Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe
Broca’s Speech area
Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes
Wernick’s Area
It interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
Wernicke’s Area
An elaborate numbered mosaic of 52 different cortical areas produced in 1906 based on cytoarchitecture.
Brodmann Areas
___ is an inability to use or to comprehend words
Aphasia
The ___ cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
Damage to ___ ___ ___ results in non-fluent aphasia, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak
Broca’s Speech Area
Damage to ___ ___ results in fluent aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words. People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)
Wernicke’s Area
Persons with ___ ___ may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both
Fluent Aphasia
In about 90% of the population the ___ hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic
Left hemisphere
The other hemisphere (usually the ___) is more involved in visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music
Right hemisphere
___ ___ is a disabling senile dementia (the loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself) that affects the elderly
The cause is unknown, but appears to be a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental or lifestyle factors, and the aging process itself
Alzheimer disease
Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of ___ ___
Alzheimer Disease
___-___ ___ clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
Beta-amyloid plaques
___ ___, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions
Neruofibrillary Tangles
A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury
Concussion
Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels
Contusion
Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron
Free radical(s)
Localized pool of blood, usually clotted
Hematoma
Oxygen deprivation
Hypoxia
Localized reduction of blood flow
Ischemia
A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space
Laceration
Pathologic death of living tissue
Necrosis/necrotic
Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident
Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain
Transient Ischemic attach (TIA)
Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign
Brain Tumor
Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes, and touch
Agnosia
Inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis
Apraxia
Condition of functional sluggishness
Lethargy
Potentially fatal syndrome that particularly affects the brain and liver, which occurs after a viral infection, especially chickenpox or influenza, most often in children or teens who have taken aspirin
Reye’s Synderom (RIZ)
Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused only briefly, and only by vigorous and repeated stimulation
Stupor
