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A&P I Test 3 - Albertson > Brain- Lower > Flashcards

Brain- Lower Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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2
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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3
Q

What is posterior to the brain stem?

A

Cerebellum

Little brain

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4
Q

What is superior to the brain stem?

A

Diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the largest part of your brain?

A

Cerebrum

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7
Q

Continuous with spinal meninges

A

Cranial meninges

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8
Q

What is the basic structure of the meninges?

A 
Dura mater (outer)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Pia mater (inner)
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9
Q

hat are the two layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

External periosteum layer

Internal meninges layer

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10
Q

What does the BBB protect the brain cells from?

A

Harmful substances and pathogens by preventing them from entering the brain

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11
Q

What are the places that lack the BBB?

A

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus

  • They hall secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
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12
Q

What can break down or disrupt the BBB?

A

Trauma
Certain toxins
Inflammation

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13
Q

What is the BBB formed by?

A

Combination of tight junctions of the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and astrocyte foot processes

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14
Q

How do some water soluble substances (such as glucose) cross the BBB

A

Active transport

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15
Q

What substances cross the BBB very slowly

A

Creatinine
Urea
Most ions

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16
Q

What substances do not cross the BBB?

A

Proteins

Most antibiotic drugs

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17
Q

What substances cross easily?

A

Oxygen
CO2
Alcohol
Most anesthetic agents

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18
Q

What makes the BBB more leaky?

A

High concentration of sugar mannitol produces high osmotic pressure that causes endothelial cells of capillaries to shrink, which opens gaps between their tight junctions

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19
Q

What does CSF do?

A
  • Protect the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries
  • Carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia
  • Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord, and around brain and spinal cord in subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater)
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20
Q

What is the mechanical protection of the CSF?

A

Shock-absorbing medium that protects tissues of the brain and spinal cord

  • causes it to float in cranial cavity
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21
Q

What is the chemical protection of the CSF?

A

Providing optimal ionic composition chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling

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22
Q

What is the circulation that contributes to the homeostasis of CSF?

A

Acting as a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue

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23
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexuses in walls of ventricles

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24
Q

What are networks of capillaries covered by ependymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma by filtration (some secretion)

A

Choroid plexuses

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25
CSF flows into their ventricle through two small openings called?
Interventricular foramina
26
The roof of the third ventricle produces more?
CSF
27
How does the CSF reach the fourth ventricle/.
Flows through cerebral aqueduct
28
Does the choroid plexus in the fourth ventricle produce more CSF?
Yes
29
From the fourth ventricle, the CSF enters the
Subarachnoid spaces
30
How does the CSF enter the subarachnoid space?
Through three openings A median aperture Two lateral apertures
31
What is continuous with the subarachnoid spaces?
The spinal cord
32
What is CSF reabsorbed into blood through?
Arachnoid villi - project the CSF into the circulatory spaces
33
How is CSF reabsorbed?
As fast as it is formed, meaning the pressure remains constant
34
A condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain
Hydrocephalus
35
How is hydrocephalus treated?
Place a shunt system with diverts the flow of CSF to another area of the body
36
What us continuous with the spinal cord?
Brain stem
37
What does the brain stem consist of?
Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
38
What is the reticular formation that extends throughout the brain stem?
Network of interspersed gray and white matter
39
Regulated functions upon which life is dependent, and which occur without out voluntary action
Medulla oblongata
40
What does the whit matter of the medulla contain?
All ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain
41
Bugles of white matter on the anterior where the largest motor tracts pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
Pyramids
42
The pyramids represent what?
The corticospinal tracts
43
What happens at the decussation of pyramids?
Most axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side or vice versa
44
What does the cardiovascular center do in the medullary nuclei?
Regulated rate and force of heartbeat and blood vessels diameter
45
What does the medullary rhythmicity area do in the medullary nuclei?
Part of the respiratory center Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing
46
What does the deglutition center do in the medullary nuclei?
Medulla promotes swallowing, aka deglutition of a mass of food that moved from the mouth into pharynx
47
What does the gustatory nucleus do?
Comprise part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the brain, receiving input from taste buds of the tongue
48
What does the cochlear nuclei do?
Receive auditory input from the cochlea of the warm and are therefore part of the auditory pathway
49
What does the vestibular nuclei do?
Components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain, receiving sensory info from vestibular apparatus of inner ear
50
What is the lateral to each pyramid?
Olive
51
Relays impulses to the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain and spinal cord proprioceptors that monitor joint and muscle position
Inferior Olivary nucleus within each olive
52
Where are the left and right gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus
Posterior part of medulla
53
The left and right gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are associated with the sensations of?
Touch Conscious proprioception Pressure Vibration
54
Where do the first- order sensory neurons have their cell bodies?
Dorsal roots of spinal cord
55
What synapse with the first- order sensory neurons?
Second order neurons having their bodies in the corresponding- named posterior nucleus of medulla
56
Where do second- order neurons ascend?
To the thalamus in band of white matter called the medial lemniscus
57
Where does the medial lemniscus extend through?
Medulla Pons Midbrain
58
What are the cranial nerves in the medulla?
``` Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII) ```
59
What is superior to the medulla?
Pons
60
Pontine nuclei relay signals for?
Voluntary movements from their origin in cerebral cortex to cerebellum
61
Actions of respiratory muscles is controlled by bilateral clusters of neurons in both?
Medulla oblongata Pons (Respiratory center)
62
What does the respiratory center comprise of?
Medullary rhythmicity area Pneumotaxic area Apneustic area
63
What are the cranial nerves in the pons?
Trigeminal (V) Abducens (VI) Facial (VII) Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
64
Pair of tracts containing axons of motor neurons that connect nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
Cerebral peduncles
65
What is the corpora quadrigemina comprised of?
Superior Colliculi | Inferior Colliculi
66
What are the visual reflexes for tracking moving objects
Superior colliculi
67
What is part of the auditory pathway as well as reflex centers for auditory stimuli
Inferior colliculi
68
What are the various visual reflexes?
Pupillary reflex: adjusts size of pupil Accommodation reflex: shape of lens for close and sit at viewing
69
The center responsible got the startle reflex, which is the involuntary Turing of head in response to unexpected sound
Inferior colliculi
70
Midbrain is associated with the following cranial nerves
Oculomotor (III) | Trochlear (IV)
71
What is the main function of neurons that descend from the reticular formation?
Help regulate muscle tone (slight degree of contraction that occurs in normal resting muscles)
72
What does the reticular activating system (RAS) consist of?
Sensory axons that help maintain consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep
73
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum - 10% of mass of the whole brain but 50% of all neurons in the brain
74
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the?
Arbor vitae (tree of life)
75
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in cerebrum are actually being carried out (Comparing what was intended with what is actually being done)
76
Also main region of the brain that regulated posture and balance
Cerebellum
77
What is the part of the cerebellum that contributes to equilibrium and balance
Floculonodular lobe
78
In the cerebellum what mediates inconscient (unconscious) refinements of skeletal muscle movements
Anterior and posterior lobes
79
Inability to coordinate muscular movements
Ataxia
80
The diencephalon is comprised of?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus
81
What is the main replay station for most sensory impulses that rach the primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex from spinal cord, brain stem, or the midbrain
Thalamus
82
What is the thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates thalamus and caudate nucleus from lentiform nucleus?
Internal capsule
83
What controls many body activities and is major regulator of homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
84
What serves as a relay station for reflexes related to the sense of smell?
Mammillary bodies
85
What is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
Infundibulum
86
What receptors within the hypothalamus monitor many important parameters of the body?
Glucose level Osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors) Temp of blood flowing through the hypothalamus Various hormones (insulin)
87
Specific functions of hypothalamus?
- Control of the autonomic nervous system - Production of hormones - Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns - Regulation of eating and drinking - Control of body temp - Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
88
Works with other structures of the brain t control body movement
Subthalamus

A&P I Test 3 - Albertson (3 decks)

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