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A&P I Test 3 - Albertson > Brain- Lower > Flashcards

Brain- Lower Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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2
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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3
Q

What is posterior to the brain stem?

A

Cerebellum

Little brain

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4
Q

What is superior to the brain stem?

A

Diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the largest part of your brain?

A

Cerebrum

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7
Q

Continuous with spinal meninges

A

Cranial meninges

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8
Q

What is the basic structure of the meninges?

A 
Dura mater (outer)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Pia mater (inner)
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9
Q

hat are the two layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

External periosteum layer

Internal meninges layer

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10
Q

What does the BBB protect the brain cells from?

A

Harmful substances and pathogens by preventing them from entering the brain

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11
Q

What are the places that lack the BBB?

A

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus

  • They hall secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
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12
Q

What can break down or disrupt the BBB?

A

Trauma
Certain toxins
Inflammation

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13
Q

What is the BBB formed by?

A

Combination of tight junctions of the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and astrocyte foot processes

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14
Q

How do some water soluble substances (such as glucose) cross the BBB

A

Active transport

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15
Q

What substances cross the BBB very slowly

A

Creatinine
Urea
Most ions

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16
Q

What substances do not cross the BBB?

A

Proteins

Most antibiotic drugs

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17
Q

What substances cross easily?

A

Oxygen
CO2
Alcohol
Most anesthetic agents

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18
Q

What makes the BBB more leaky?

A

High concentration of sugar mannitol produces high osmotic pressure that causes endothelial cells of capillaries to shrink, which opens gaps between their tight junctions

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19
Q

What does CSF do?

A
  • Protect the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries
  • Carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia
  • Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord, and around brain and spinal cord in subarachnoid space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater)
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20
Q

What is the mechanical protection of the CSF?

A

Shock-absorbing medium that protects tissues of the brain and spinal cord

  • causes it to float in cranial cavity
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21
Q

What is the chemical protection of the CSF?

A

Providing optimal ionic composition chemical environment for accurate neuronal signaling

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22
Q

What is the circulation that contributes to the homeostasis of CSF?

A

Acting as a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and nervous tissue

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23
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexuses in walls of ventricles

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24
Q

What are networks of capillaries covered by ependymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma by filtration (some secretion)

A

Choroid plexuses

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25
Q

CSF flows into their ventricle through two small openings called?

A

Interventricular foramina

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26
Q

The roof of the third ventricle produces more?

A

CSF

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27
Q

How does the CSF reach the fourth ventricle/.

A

Flows through cerebral aqueduct

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28
Q

Does the choroid plexus in the fourth ventricle produce more CSF?

A

Yes

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29
Q

From the fourth ventricle, the CSF enters the

A

Subarachnoid spaces

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30
Q

How does the CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Through three openings
A median aperture
Two lateral apertures

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31
Q

What is continuous with the subarachnoid spaces?

A

The spinal cord

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32
Q

What is CSF reabsorbed into blood through?

A

Arachnoid villi

  • project the CSF into the circulatory spaces
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33
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

As fast as it is formed, meaning the pressure remains constant

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34
Q

A condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain

A

Hydrocephalus

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35
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

Place a shunt system with diverts the flow of CSF to another area of the body

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36
Q

What us continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Brain stem

37
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

38
Q

What is the reticular formation that extends throughout the brain stem?

A

Network of interspersed gray and white matter

39
Q

Regulated functions upon which life is dependent, and which occur without out voluntary action

A

Medulla oblongata

40
Q

What does the whit matter of the medulla contain?

A

All ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain

41
Q

Bugles of white matter on the anterior where the largest motor tracts pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

A

Pyramids

42
Q

The pyramids represent what?

A

The corticospinal tracts

43
Q

What happens at the decussation of pyramids?

A

Most axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side or vice versa

44
Q

What does the cardiovascular center do in the medullary nuclei?

A

Regulated rate and force of heartbeat and blood vessels diameter

45
Q

What does the medullary rhythmicity area do in the medullary nuclei?

A

Part of the respiratory center

Adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

46
Q

What does the deglutition center do in the medullary nuclei?

A

Medulla promotes swallowing, aka deglutition of a mass of food that moved from the mouth into pharynx

47
Q

What does the gustatory nucleus do?

A

Comprise part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the brain, receiving input from taste buds of the tongue

48
Q

What does the cochlear nuclei do?

A

Receive auditory input from the cochlea of the warm and are therefore part of the auditory pathway

49
Q

What does the vestibular nuclei do?

A

Components of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain, receiving sensory info from vestibular apparatus of inner ear

50
Q

What is the lateral to each pyramid?

A

Olive

51
Q

Relays impulses to the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of the midbrain and spinal cord proprioceptors that monitor joint and muscle position

A

Inferior Olivary nucleus within each olive

52
Q

Where are the left and right gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

A

Posterior part of medulla

53
Q

The left and right gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are associated with the sensations of?

A

Touch
Conscious proprioception
Pressure
Vibration

54
Q

Where do the first- order sensory neurons have their cell bodies?

A

Dorsal roots of spinal cord

55
Q

What synapse with the first- order sensory neurons?

A

Second order neurons having their bodies in the corresponding- named posterior nucleus of medulla

56
Q

Where do second- order neurons ascend?

A

To the thalamus in band of white matter called the medial lemniscus

57
Q

Where does the medial lemniscus extend through?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

58
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the medulla?

A 
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
59
Q

What is superior to the medulla?

A

Pons

60
Q

Pontine nuclei relay signals for?

A

Voluntary movements from their origin in cerebral cortex to cerebellum

61
Q

Actions of respiratory muscles is controlled by bilateral clusters of neurons in both?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons

(Respiratory center)

62
Q

What does the respiratory center comprise of?

A

Medullary rhythmicity area
Pneumotaxic area
Apneustic area

63
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the pons?

A

Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

64
Q

Pair of tracts containing axons of motor neurons that connect nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

A

Cerebral peduncles

65
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina comprised of?

A

Superior Colliculi

Inferior Colliculi

66
Q

What are the visual reflexes for tracking moving objects

A

Superior colliculi

67
Q

What is part of the auditory pathway as well as reflex centers for auditory stimuli

A

Inferior colliculi

68
Q

What are the various visual reflexes?

A

Pupillary reflex: adjusts size of pupil

Accommodation reflex: shape of lens for close and sit at viewing

69
Q

The center responsible got the startle reflex, which is the involuntary Turing of head in response to unexpected sound

A

Inferior colliculi

70
Q

Midbrain is associated with the following cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor (III)

Trochlear (IV)

71
Q

What is the main function of neurons that descend from the reticular formation?

A

Help regulate muscle tone (slight degree of contraction that occurs in normal resting muscles)

72
Q

What does the reticular activating system (RAS) consist of?

A

Sensory axons that help maintain consciousness and participate in awakening from sleep

73
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

  • 10% of mass of the whole brain but 50% of all neurons in the brain
74
Q

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the?

A

Arbor vitae (tree of life)

75
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in cerebrum are actually being carried out

(Comparing what was intended with what is actually being done)

76
Q

Also main region of the brain that regulated posture and balance

A

Cerebellum

77
Q

What is the part of the cerebellum that contributes to equilibrium and balance

A

Floculonodular lobe

78
Q

In the cerebellum what mediates inconscient (unconscious) refinements of skeletal muscle movements

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

79
Q

Inability to coordinate muscular movements

A

Ataxia

80
Q

The diencephalon is comprised of?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

81
Q

What is the main replay station for most sensory impulses that rach the primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex from spinal cord, brain stem, or the midbrain

A

Thalamus

82
Q

What is the thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates thalamus and caudate nucleus from lentiform nucleus?

A

Internal capsule

83
Q

What controls many body activities and is major regulator of homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

What serves as a relay station for reflexes related to the sense of smell?

A

Mammillary bodies

85
Q

What is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

86
Q

What receptors within the hypothalamus monitor many important parameters of the body?

A

Glucose level
Osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors)
Temp of blood flowing through the hypothalamus
Various hormones (insulin)

87
Q

Specific functions of hypothalamus?

A
  • Control of the autonomic nervous system
  • Production of hormones
  • Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
  • Regulation of eating and drinking
  • Control of body temp
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
88
Q

Works with other structures of the brain t control body movement

A

Subthalamus

A&P I Test 3 - Albertson (3 decks)

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