Brain Lecture 1 Flashcards
Where do ganglia reside and what are they
Ganglia are collections of cell bodies that reside in the PNS
What direction, in relation to the brain is superior, dorsal, rostral, anterior, caudal, posterior, ventral, and inferior
Superior/dorsal: top of brain
Rostral/anterior: front of brain
Caudal/posterior: back of brain
Ventral/inferior: bottom of brain
What are the plane sections the brain can be viewed from ?
Horizontal: top and bottom parts are separated with slice
Sagittal: left and right parts are separated with slice
Coronal: front and back parts are separated with slice
What are the meninges?
Dura mater: thick fibrous layer beneath bone, protects brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid mater: web like, is separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space where csf flows through.
Pia mater, membrane that surrounds brain and spinal cord
What are the ventricles
Fluid filled spaces in the brain which contain CSF which brings nutrients and removes toxins and byproducts
How does CSF flow?
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles then through subarachnoid space and leaves through the arachnoid villi which pass into the sinuses
What are the 3 main sections of the brain and what do they contain
Hindbrain: pons, medulla and cerebellum
Midbrain: superior and inferior colliculi and substantia nigra
Forebrain: diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebral hemispheres: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus
What does the brain stem contain ?
Midbrain, pons and medulla
Where are the olives located and what is their function ?
Located in the medulla, one on each side (2 total), involved with motor functions with cerebellum
Inside the olives are the inferior olivary nucleus
Where is the pyramidal decussation and what is it
Bottom of medulla, lots of nerves cross here
What are the pyramids? And where are they located
Located in between the olives are the pyramids on the medulla, they carry motor information on the corticospinal tract
What is the role of the colliculi?
Superior colliculus receives direct input from the retina, is associated with eye movements
Inferior colliculus associated with auditory information
Superior colliculus is larger than the inferior
What does substantia nigra produce and what happens if it starts to degenerate
Neurones in substantia nigra secrete dopamine and control movements
Degeneration can lead to parkinsons disease
What are the cranial nerves in order and are they sensory motor or both
1 olfactory: sensory 2 optic: sensory 3 oculomotor: motor 4 trochlear: motor 5 trigeminal: both 6 abducens: motor 7 facial: both 8 vestibulocochlear: sensory 9 glossopharyngeal: both 10 vagus: both 11 accessory: motor 12 hypoglossal: motor
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
Originates in cerebral cortex, causes smell, projects to nasal mucosa which synapses to axons which project to olfactory bulb
What is the function of optic nerve and where does it originate ?
Originates in thalamus, projects from retina to superior colliculus and other parts of brain, sensory sight
Structure and function oculomotor nerve
Originates in midbrain, controls eye movement, receives input from superior colliculus
Structure and function of trochlear nerve
Originates in midbrain, controls eye movement
Structure and function of trigeminal nerve
Originates in the pons, controls sensation in the face head and controls chewing
Origin and function of abducens
Pons, controls eye movement
Origin and function of facial nerve
Pons, facial expression, tear secretion and salivation
Origin and function of vestibulocochlear nerve
Pons and medulla, hearing and balance
Origin and function of glossopharyngeal?
Medulla, swallowing, taste and blood pressure and dissolved blood gas concentration
Origin and functions of vagus nerve
Medulla, ear activity and sensation, has effects on major organs and systems: heart, respiratory tract, GI tract, diaphram and pharynx
Origin and function of the accessory nerve
Medulla, head movement and swallowing
Origin and function of hypoglossal nerve
Medulla, voluntary tongue movement and swallowing
Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems originate?
Sympathetic T1-L3
Parasympathetic : S2-4 and cranial nerves number 3,7,9 and 10
What is the function of the thalamus?
Gateway to cortex; is a relay for motor instructions; keeps cortex informed
Relay for sensory information except smell
