brain imaging

Question 1

Antisocials

Answer 1

prefrontal cortex hypoactivity
hypoactive small amygdala
(callous CD also has latter)

Question 2

brain Hmrge, what modality?

Answer 2

CT

Question 3

OCD

Answer 3

Increased activity in 
anterior cingulate gyrus
orbito frontal cortex
caudate*
thalamus (involved)

• caudate also bilaterally smaller.
  Serotonin problem

cortico thalamic-striatal-cortical circuit.

note in PANDAS BG are enlarged

Question 4

schizophrenia

Answer 4

white matter hyperintensities
reduced PFC white and gray matter volume
increased ventricular volume
Enlarged caudate? Due to Meds
increased D2 in caudate
other receptors seem diminished
asymmetry
thalamus, CB, limbic system (and amygdala, hippo, temp lobe) and basal ganglia all involved as well.
left superior temporal  gyrus and left medial temporal lobe

Question 5

PTSD

Answer 5

hyperactive amygdala
medial prefrontal cortex decreased activation

decreased hippocampal size
decreased anterior cingulate size

elevated circulating catecholamines
Decreased broca
Decreased cortisol level
Anterior cingulate, thalamus, MFC, involved

Question 6

Bpd

Answer 6

Decreased hippocampus and amygdaloid size 12%

Question 7

CD

Answer 7

Callous type decreased amygdala response

Other type opposite. They have increased threat sensitivity

Question 8

Anorexia

Answer 8

Large ventricles
Decreased white matter ( reversible)
Decreased gray matter non reversible
incease caudate activity (like OCD)
Hypercortisolemia, and non suppression?

Question 9

BN

Answer 9

Wide sulci
Less loss of brain volume.
Midbrain and ventricles normal

Question 10

ADHD

Answer 10

Pet: decreased glucose met globally, especially in promotor cortex and superior prefrontal cortex.

Decreased activity in anterior cingulate gurus during task

Smaller brains, cortex, CB, sub cortical
Bass ganglia, frontal lobe
Hypo perfusion corrected by stimulant Meds

functional MR: decreasedPFC and CB

Question 11

B12 def

Answer 11

Sub cortical
Thalamus
Cerebellum

Question 12

Bipolar

Answer 12

Enlarged 3rd ventricle, and lateral ventricles (like schiz)
Decreased size of CB and temporal lobe (inconsistent) and
decreased corpus callosum, cingulate, prefrontal lobe

increased thalamus volume
increased caudate and BG volumes
white matter intensities (most common?)

normal hipocampus size (unlike depression)

Functional is like depression: hyperactive (and large) amygdala, and hypoactive PFC (and thinning)

DA increase
q 18 and q 22

Question 13

Depression

Answer 13

white matter hyperintensities are the most common (though tthey are more common in BD 1)
Smaller hippocampus frontal lobes, cB, (in consistent: caudate and putamen)
Hyperactive amygdala (but small inconsistently)
subcortical hyperintensities
MPFC area 25 and subgenual part of cingulate ? hypoactive.
all neuto transmitters dinimished
increased glucocorticoids

Question 14

Etoh

Answer 14

Enlarged ventricles

Question 15

Alz imaging

Answer 15

Most specifics fdg pet hypo metabolism in posterior cingulate gyrus
Maybe also hippocampus, pareitotemporal
If occipital lobe think LB component
For MCQ purposes we prefer global atrophy over focal hippocampal atrophy?

Question 16

alz pathology

Answer 16

senile amyloid plaques (also in Down’s and normal aging)
NFTangles (tau protein) also foundin down, normal aging, dementia pugilistica, PDD, Hallervoden Spats, but not in vascular think.

Question 17

panic DO

Answer 17

Rt temporal cortex atrophy

amygdala, limbic sys tem, hypothalamus involved (? hyper)

Question 18

GAD

Answer 18

frontal cortex, limbic systym,
basal ganglia low metaboism?
hyperactive amygdala
decreased volume of ant cingulate cortex, insulam amygdala, hippo in anx DO

Question 19

LBD

Answer 19

hypometabolism on occipital lobe FDG PET

DAT:decrease DA uptake

Question 20

PET
SPECT
FMRI

Answer 20

metabolism/uptake of tracer (e.g: FDG)
less precise: perfusion
BOLD signal= deoxygenated HB as an indicator of oxygenation and blood flow