brain anatomy and NT Flashcards
classify dementias based on pathology
AD Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau) Taupathies FTD/PPA, CBD, PSP, CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) Tardopathies (TDP-43) FTD/PPA, ALS Synuclein Parkison’s disease dementia, LBD, MSA
striatum
putamen and caudate
basal ganglia
striatum (putamen + caudate)
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
circle of Papez
mamillary bodies, fornyx, hippocampus, anteror thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus
expanded limbc system
mamillary bodies, fornyx, hippocampus, anteror thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus PLUS: BOSNA amygdala nucleus accumbens septum basal forebrain OFC
thalamus finction
relay
sleep
hyptohtalamus
hunger
sex
rage
autonomic function
MAOA metabolizes?
NS selectively
TED with MAOB
MAOB metabolizes?
TED with MAOB
very little NS
what are these neurotransmitters metabolized by? T E D N S
TED is by both MAOA and B
NS is more by A
PTSD findings
i. neurohormonal effects of PTSD include: elevated catecholamines, decreased glucocorticoid levels, decreased serotonin activity, increased opioid response to stimuli reminiscent of the trauma
ii. neuroanatomical effects include: decreased hippocampal volume, activation of the amygdala and right visual cortex during flashbacks, decreased activation of Broca’s area during flashbacks, marked right-hemispheric lateralization
tumor presentation
- headaches: 35%
- seizures: 33%
- personality/mental status changes: 20%
wallenberg’s syndrome
iii. Wallenberg’s syndrome (Lateral medullary syndrome): produced by damage to the dorsolateral regions of the medulla. Deficits may include some or all of the following: 1) Loss of pain and temperature sensation: ipsilateral on face, contralateral on body. 2) Hoarseness, impaired swallowing, diminished gag reflex. 3) Ataxia of ipsilateral arm and leg, falling or veering to the side to the lesion. 4) Decreased muscle tone in ipsilateral arm and leg (no paralysis). 5) Nystagmus, diplopia. 6) Vertigo. 7) Horner’s syndrome. This is the
frontal cortex sndromes
i. the frontal syndromes are: orbitofrontal (disinhibited), medial frontal (apathetic), and dorsolateral (dysexecutive)
OD
MA
DE
gertsman syndrome
i. Gerstmann’s syndrome: a lesion in the dominant parietal lobe
ii. symptoms: finger agnosia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, dyscalculia
types of NT
- derived from amino acids: glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
- amines: (from phenylalanine and tyrosine) dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, (from tryptophan) serotonin, (from histidine) histamine
- peptides: substance P, vasopressin, oxytocin, enkephalins, dynorphins, insulin, gastrin, CCK
- biogenic amines: acetylcholine
- other: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid)
anterior and posterior pitutary
i. the anterior pituitary (anterior hypophysis) secretes: ACTH, LH, FSH,TSH, growth hormone, prolactin; the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH
DA pathways
i. there are three main dopamine pathways: mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal (the tuberoinfundibular is a fourth)
ii. mesolimbic: originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA, in the midbrain) and projects to the nucleus accumbens (NA), olfactory tubercle; influences reward response
iii. mesocortical: from the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain to four major branches: (1) to the amygdala and external capsule, (2) to the septal nuclei, (3) to the anterior cingulated cortex, and (4) to the olfactory tubercle and olfactory bulb; may be involved in learning and memory
iv. nigrostriatal: originates in the substantia nigra (pars compacta part of it) to the caudate and putamen; degeneration leads to Parkinson’s disease
ohm’s law
a. current = voltage / resistance
cardio and resp centere
medulla oblongatea
Not affected in wernicke
cortex
