brain anatomy and NT

Question 1

classify dementias based on pathology

Answer 1

AD
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau)
Taupathies
FTD/PPA, CBD, PSP, CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
Tardopathies (TDP-43)
FTD/PPA, ALS
Synuclein
Parkison’s disease dementia, LBD, MSA

Question 2

striatum

Answer 2

putamen and caudate

Question 3

basal ganglia

Answer 3

striatum (putamen + caudate)
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 4

circle of Papez

Answer 4

mamillary bodies, fornyx, hippocampus, anteror thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus

Question 5

expanded limbc system

Answer 5

mamillary bodies, fornyx, hippocampus, anteror thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus
PLUS: BOSNA
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
septum
basal forebrain
OFC

Question 6

thalamus finction

Answer 6

relay

sleep

Question 7

hyptohtalamus

Answer 7

hunger
sex
rage
autonomic function

Question 8

MAOA metabolizes?

Answer 8

NS selectively

TED with MAOB

Question 9

MAOB metabolizes?

Answer 9

TED with MAOB

very little NS

Question 10

what are these neurotransmitters metabolized by?
T
E
D
N
S

Answer 10

TED is by both MAOA and B

NS is more by A

Question 11

PTSD findings

Answer 11

i. neurohormonal effects of PTSD include: elevated catecholamines, decreased glucocorticoid levels, decreased serotonin activity, increased opioid response to stimuli reminiscent of the trauma
ii. neuroanatomical effects include: decreased hippocampal volume, activation of the amygdala and right visual cortex during flashbacks, decreased activation of Broca’s area during flashbacks, marked right-hemispheric lateralization

Question 12

tumor presentation

Answer 12

1. headaches: 35%
2. seizures: 33%
3. personality/mental status changes: 20%

Question 13

wallenberg’s syndrome

Answer 13

iii. Wallenberg’s syndrome (Lateral medullary syndrome): produced by damage to the dorsolateral regions of the medulla. Deficits may include some or all of the following: 1) Loss of pain and temperature sensation: ipsilateral on face, contralateral on body. 2) Hoarseness, impaired swallowing, diminished gag reflex. 3) Ataxia of ipsilateral arm and leg, falling or veering to the side to the lesion. 4) Decreased muscle tone in ipsilateral arm and leg (no paralysis). 5) Nystagmus, diplopia. 6) Vertigo. 7) Horner’s syndrome. This is the

Question 14

frontal cortex sndromes

Answer 14

i. the frontal syndromes are: orbitofrontal (disinhibited), medial frontal (apathetic), and dorsolateral (dysexecutive)
OD
MA
DE

Question 15

gertsman syndrome

Answer 15

i. Gerstmann’s syndrome: a lesion in the dominant parietal lobe
ii. symptoms: finger agnosia, agraphia, right-left disorientation, dyscalculia

Question 16

types of NT

Answer 16

1. derived from amino acids: glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate
2. amines: (from phenylalanine and tyrosine) dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, (from tryptophan) serotonin, (from histidine) histamine
3. peptides: substance P, vasopressin, oxytocin, enkephalins, dynorphins, insulin, gastrin, CCK
4. biogenic amines: acetylcholine
5. other: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid)

Question 17

anterior and posterior pitutary

Answer 17

i. the anterior pituitary (anterior hypophysis) secretes: ACTH, LH, FSH,TSH, growth hormone, prolactin; the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH

Question 18

DA pathways

Answer 18

i. there are three main dopamine pathways: mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal (the tuberoinfundibular is a fourth)
ii. mesolimbic: originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA, in the midbrain) and projects to the nucleus accumbens (NA), olfactory tubercle; influences reward response
iii. mesocortical: from the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain to four major branches: (1) to the amygdala and external capsule, (2) to the septal nuclei, (3) to the anterior cingulated cortex, and (4) to the olfactory tubercle and olfactory bulb; may be involved in learning and memory
iv. nigrostriatal: originates in the substantia nigra (pars compacta part of it) to the caudate and putamen; degeneration leads to Parkinson’s disease

Question 19

ohm’s law

Answer 19

a. current = voltage / resistance

Question 20

cardio and resp centere

Answer 20

medulla oblongatea

Question 21

Not affected in wernicke

Answer 21

cortex