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Neuroanatomy > Brain Development > Flashcards

Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 primary vesicles of the brain and the secondary vesicles of the forebrain

A
  1. Prosencephalon
    - optic vesicles
    - telencephalic vesicles
    - diencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhomboencephalon
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2
Q

What are the two areas in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Describe the formation of the neural tube and neural crests.

A

Flat disk with layers - endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Ectoderm is the neural plate that forms a groove ROSTRAL to caudal. Folds fuse together to form neural tube

Pinched off areas lying laterally to the neural tube are called the neural crests (PNS)

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4
Q

Describe the differentiation of the telencephalon

A
  1. Telencephalic vesicles grow posteriorly so that they lie over and lateral to the diencephalon
  2. Another pair of vesicles spout off the ventral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, giving rise to the olfactory bulbs
  3. Cells of the walls divide and differentiate into various structures
  4. White matter system develops
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5
Q

What are ventricles and where are they located?

A

Fluid filled spaces

Lateral ventricle - cerebral hemispheres

Third ventricle - space centre of diencephalon

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6
Q

What are the three main white matter tracts?

A
  1. Cortical white matter: contains all the axons that run to and from the neuron in the cerebral cortex
  2. Corpus CALLOSUM: continuous with the cortical white matter and forms and an axonal bridge that links cortical neurons of two cerebral hemispheres
  3. Internal capsule: links the cortex with the brain stem, particularly the thalamus
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7
Q

What are the primitive functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the visceral nervous system which regulates bodily functions in response to the needs of the organism.

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8
Q

What is the difference between the tectum and tegmentum

A

Tectum - dorsal surface of the mesencephalic vesicles

Tegmentum - floor of midbrain

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9
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain

CSF filled space

Connects rostrally with the third ventricle of the diencephalon

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10
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A

Sensory systems

Motor control

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11
Q

Describe the differentiation of structures in the hind brain

A

The cerebellum (ROSTRAL)

The pons (ROSTRAL)

Medulla oblongata (caudal)

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12
Q

What do the rhombic lips form into?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

What is decussation?

A

The crossing of axons from one side to another

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14
Q

Define neuralation

A

The formation of the neural tube from the neural ectoderm during embryonic development

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15
Q

Briefly explain the purpose of the dorsal, lateral and ventral columns in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal column - sensory information to the brain.

Lateral column - contains axons on the descending corticospinal tract. These axons inner age the neurons in the intermediate zone and ventral horn. Controls voluntary movement

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16
Q

Describe the evolution of the neocortex

A

The cerebral cortex with six or more layers of neurons.

Only found in mammals

Has expanded over the years

17
Q

Explain the neuron doctrine

A

The concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, to continuity

18
Q

What are the differences between the Nissl and Golgi stains

A

Nissl - a class of basic dyes that stain the sonata of neurons

GOLGI - stains neurons and all their neurites

19
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral PNS?

A

Somatic - innervates skin, joints, muscles

Visceral - innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

20
Q

Name the three membranes that surround the brain

A

Dura mater

Subarachnoid membrane

Pia mater

21
Q

Define choroid plexus

A

Specialised tissue in ventricles that secrete CSF

22
Q

Describe the differentiation of the spinal cord

A

Spinal Canal - CSF filled cavity

Dorsal horn - upper section

Intermediate zone - middle

Ventral horn - lower

23
Q

Describe the differentiation of midbrain structures

A

Tectum
1. Superior colliculus - direct input from eye
2. Inferior colliculus - input from ears

Tegmentum
- substantia nigra
- red nucleus

24
Q

What are the special features of the human brain when compared to rat brains?

A

Convolutions in brain for more surface area

Smaller olfactory bulb

Well developed temporal lobe

25
Q

Describe the structural components of a neuron

A

Soma

Neurites
- dendrites
- axons

26
Q

Name the three areas of the axon

A

Axon hillock
Axon proper (middle)
Axon terminal

27
Q

What are the differences between axon and soma?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum does not extend into axon

Axons have a unique protein composition

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of axoplasmic transport

A

Anterograde - soma to terminal

Retrograde - terminal to soma

29
Q

Explain the slow axoplasmic transport

A

Delivery of cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic components to periphery.

Unidirectional

To allow growth or maintenance

30
Q

Explain fast axoplasmic transport

A

Transport of membrane associated material

Anterograde and retrograde (recycling)

31
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

Number of neurons

Dendritic and somatic morphology

Connections within CNS

Axonal length (Golgi Type 1 or 2)

Neurotransmitter type

Gene expression

32
Q

What are the major types of glial cells and their functions?

A

Astrocytes - influence neurite growth, chemical content and contains GFAP

Oligodendrites - myelinated

Microglia - clean

Ependymal cells - production, circulation and monitoring of CSF

33
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Somatic PNS - collect information from the skin, muscle and joints

Visceral PNS - innervates internal organs, blood vessels and glands

34
Q

Explain the afferent and efferent axons

A

Afferent - towards

Efferent - away

35
Q

What are the twelve cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory-vestibular
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
36
Q

Briefly describe the ventricular system

A

CSF filled caverns and canals. CSF produced by choroid plexus in ventricles

CSF exits via subarachnoid space or apertures near the cerebellum

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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