Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards by Jayda Pollard

Afferent

sensory fibers that convey information toward the CNS

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Efferent

motor fibers that convey information from the CNS

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Grey matter

-cell bodies
-unmyelinated structures
-occupies central grey

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White matter

-myelinated axons

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Rostral

towards the tip of the head

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Caudal

towards the tip of the tail

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Dorsal

upper surface of the body (back)

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Ventral

bottom surface of the body (front)

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Medial

close to the midline

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Lateral

farther from the midline

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Proximal

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Distal

far

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superficial

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Posterior

deeper

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I Cranial Nerve

-olfactory
-smell
-sensory

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II Cranial Nerve

-optic
-vision
-sensory

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III Cranial Nerve

-oculomotor
-muscle that moves the eye
-motor

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IV Cranial Nerve

-trochlear
-muscle that moves the eye
-motor

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VI Cranial Nerve

-abducens
-muscle that moves the eye
-motor

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V Cranial Nerve

-trigeminal
- face, sinuses, teeth, and jaw muscles
-sensory and motor

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VII Cranial Nerve

-facial
-tongue, soft palate, facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
-sensory and motor

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VIII Cranial Nerve

-vestibulocochlear
-inner ear (hearing and balance)
-sensory

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IX Cranial Nerve

-glossopharyngeal
-taste and other mouth sensations, throat muscles
-sensory and motor

X Cranial Nerve

-vagus
-information from internal organs, movement of internal organs
-sensory and motor

XI Cranial Nerve

-spinal accessory -neck muscles -motor

XII Cranial Nerve

-hypoglossal -tongue muscles -motor

Cervical spinal nerves

-neck -chest -upper shoulder

Thoracic spinal nerves

-upper and lower back -stomach

Lumbar spinal nerves

-upper hips -top of thighs -calves

Sacral spinal nerves

-tops of the feet -lower calves -toes

Dorsal Root Ganglia

-collection of cell bodies for all sensory neurons entering the spinal cord -lies outside the CNS

Cauda equina

long nerves from the spinal cord that branch off to innervate the legs

Contralateral

on the opposite site

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Brainstem

-midbrain -pons -medulla

Forebrain

-two cerebral hemispheres

Subcortical structures

-thalamus -hypothalamus -basal ganglia -limbic lobes

Cortical structures

-frontal lobe -parietal lobe -temporal lobe -occipital lobe

Raphe nuclei

-only source of serotonin in the brain and spinal cord

Locus coeruleus (blue spot)

-primary source of norepinephrine in the brain

Substantia nigra (black substance)

-major source of dopamine in the brain

Lateral geniculate nuclei

relays visual information

Medial geniculate nuclei

relays auditory information

ventralposterior lateral and medial nuclei

relays somatosensory information

Frontal lobe

-primary motor cortex -precentral gyrus

Parietal lobe

-primary somatosensory cortex -postcentral gyrus

Occipital lobe

-primary visual cortex

temporal lobe

-primary auditory cortex

Arachnoid

connects dura to brain

Dura mater

-tough leather membrane -outer most layer that envelopes the brain

Blood-brain barrier

membrane that insulates the blood vessels of the brain

Pia mater

innermost membrane that envelopes the brain

Lower motor neuron

-exits the CNS to innervate the skeletal muscles -cell bodies lie in the grey matter of the ventral horn

Upper motor neuron

-within CNS contacts the lower motor neuron

Basal Ganglia

-caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus -small blood vessels so prone to stroke