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ANATOMY III - Final (active Recall) > Brain And Spinal Chord > Flashcards

Brain And Spinal Chord Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Dura mater (Dura mater encephalli)

In adittion to lining the cavity, the dura mater makes partitions(skillevegger) thatprojects inwards.

Whatare the partitions/borders?

A
  1. Falx Cerebri - extends from CRISTA GALLI —> Int. Occipital protuberance —>projects into FISSURA LONGTUDINALIS between the two hemispheres.
  2. Transverse tentorium cerebelli —> the falx cerebre meets the TTC caudally —> Separates the CEREBRUM from CEREBELUM.

Membranous tentorium cerebelli —> borders the tentorial notch, through which the brainstem passes through

  1. Diaphragma Sellae —> forms the ROOF of the. HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA in which the HYPOPHYSIS is situated. Forming a diaphragm around the infundibular stalk.
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2
Q

Cranial Dura mater VS Spinal Dura mater

Connection to the PERIOSTEUM

A

Cranial: Fused with the inner periosteum of the skullbones

Spinal: Separated from the perosteum lining the vertebral canal by epidural space.

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3
Q

Where do you find the epidural space, and why is it importaint?

A

The Epidural space is filled with FAT and contain a large Venus plexus.

When Spinal roots runs thorugh the Spinal canal they are enclosed by MENINGEAL sheets.

Regional ANAESTHESIA can be performed:

  1. Between last lumbar and first sacral vertebra (Spatium lumbosacrale)
  2. Between last sacral and first caudal verteba
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4
Q

What does the caudal END of the dura matter form? And where does it continue?

A

A blind sac —> and UNITES with other meiningeal layers to form a fibrous chord (FILUM TERMINALE DURA MATRIS). Fuseswith DORSAL surface of CAUDAL VERTEBRAE.

It continues with the cranial dura mater at the FOR.MAGNUM

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5
Q

Spinal dura mater is vascularized by?

A

SPINAL ARTERIES

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6
Q

Cranial Dura Mater is vascularized by?

A

MENINGEAL ARTERIES

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7
Q

Like the Spinal nerves the Cranial nerves are surounded by?

A

Dural Sheats untill they leave the cranial cavity. Together with the LEPTOMENINGES they form CUFFS thatare surounded by CEREBROSPINAL fluid.

  • CEREBROSPINAL fluid can reach Perineural lymph vessels = Cause diseases to spread from lymph —> meninges —> Neural tissue
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8
Q

The arachinoid membrane in contact with DURA and Pia Mater

A

Outer part: Continous membrane, moulded to the Dura Mater

  • space between ARACH and DURA = SUBDural SPACE= cappillary space
  • not clear, space or not

Inner part: Continous celllayer of arach.membr moulded against the PIA mater.

Between the two membranes:
- Trabecula and filaments exceed = network of communicating chambers. = SUBARACHINOID SPACE (Cavum subarachinoidale). Filled with CEREBROSPINAL fluid.

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9
Q

Debth of the subarachinoid space?

A

Variable since the arachinoid membrane stays in contact with DURA MATER, while PIA MATTER follows the surface ofte brain.

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10
Q

What is a CISTERNA?

A

Sertain sites of the ARACHINOID membrane is enlarged to form CISTERNAE.

Usedfor EXTRACTION of CSF! Or Injection

CEREBROMEDULLARY CISTERN!!

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11
Q

Location and usage of the CEREBROMEDULLARY CISTERN?

A

Located: Where the caudal surface of the CEREBELLUM meets the dorsal surface of the modulla oblungata (MO).

Common site for obtaining CSF

Can be reached by passing a needle BTW the ATLAS and the SKULL.

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12
Q

Alternate site to the CSF (not CEREBROMEDULLARY CISTERN)

A

LUMBOSACRAL SPACE or

the space between the last sacral and first caudal vert.

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13
Q

Large mushroom-shaped projections extending from the arachinoidmembrane.

A

GRANULATIONES ARACHINOIDALES(Pacchioni granulationes) into dural Venus sinuses. Hypothese: From herre CSF can enter the general circulation. This arachinoid villis are not pressent in sheeps.

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14
Q

Types of meninges

A
  1. Pachymeninges= Dura Mater

2. LEPTOMENINGES = Arachinoid membrane and Pia Mater

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15
Q

Pia Mater Encephali et Spinalis

In contact with?

A

Direct contact with Glial Limiting Membrane ofte neural tissue

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16
Q

Pia mater innervated ?

A

Richly

Recieves a generous bloodsupply (several bloodvessels extend into the neural tissue)

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17
Q

Ligament of the Pia Mater

A

Lig. Denticulate
Pia M is bilaterally thickened along the lateral surface of the Spinal Chord!!

Extentions of the ligament crosses the SUBARACHINOID space. —> Attaced to the Pia Mater.

= Suspends the Spinal chord in CSF within the SUB.A. Space

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18
Q

Pia mater surrounds?

A

Cranial vessels for a short distance after entering the brain.
CSF is thought to be able to enter the veins at these Pial sleeves.

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19
Q

What is the Diaphragma Sellae?

A

ROOF of the hypophyseal fossa where the HYPOPHYSIS is situated

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20
Q

What is the name of the caudal END/continuation of the DURA MATER

A

FILUM TERMINALE

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21
Q

Which ARTERIES supply the brain?

A

In horse and dog: A.Carotis interna (paired)

Cat/ru: a.carotis interna closes closely after birth. = Bloodsupply to brain provided by branches of A.Maxillaris

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22
Q

Which ARTERIES supply the Spinal chord

A

Cervical Spinal Chord is vascularized by: segmental ARTERIES from the A.VERTEBRALIS - a branch of A.Subclavia

Rest of the Spinal chord recieves blood from segmental ARTERIES from the cervical, intercostal and lumbar ARTERIES.

Segmental ARTERIES enters the vertebral canal through Foramina intervertebralia —> Thea devide into DORSAL and VENTRAL branch. That reaches the Spinal chord together with the Spinal nerves.

VENTRAL SPINAL ARTERY
DORSOLATERAL SPINAL ARTERY (Paired)

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23
Q

Which veins supply the brain?

A

A.Carotis interna(EQ,ca)

Cat/ru: Branches of the A.Maxillaris

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24
Q

Which veins drain the Spinal chord?

A

Spinal VEINS form a network similar to Arterial plexuses.
Drainingvens follow the Spinal nerves before they open into the EPIDURAL VENOUS PLEXUS

Composed of 2channels connected by transverse branches.

Veins composing the plexus= no valves= blood can travel in either direction.

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25
Q

What is the Sinus System?

A

Is a arrrangement that cools Arterial bloodsupply to the brain.

  1. Sinus Dura Matis

DORSAL system

  1. Dorsal saggital Sinus
  2. Straight Sinus
  3. Transverse Sinus
  4. Temporal Sinus

VENTRAL or BASILLAR SYSTEM
6. Cavernosal Sinus (surrounds the HYPOPHYSIS)

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26
Q

Formation of the circle of willis(Cerebral Arterial circle)

A

A.Carotis interna (EQ,Ca)/ Carotid cerebral artery(ru+ other) penetrate the DURA MATER at the DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE forming a ring around the infundibular stalk ventral to the hypothalamus.

Only compleete in dog. Rostrally open in other.

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27
Q

Circle of Willis is joined caudally by

A

BASILLAR and VERTEBRAL ARTERIES.

In OX, the vertebral artery contributes a considerbly portion to the circle of Willis.

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28
Q

The circle of Willis and A.Basillaris given rise to?

A

A.Cerebri rostralis
A. Cerebri media
A. Cerebri caudalis

A. Cerebelli rostralis
A.Cerebelli caudalis

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29
Q

Arterial network at the base of the brain.

A

Consist of:
Rostral & Caudal EPIDURAL RETE MIRABILA

Reunite in: CEREBRAL CAROTID ARTERY

A+V close to each other = Temperature regulations

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30
Q

The veins of the brain grouped into

A

Grouped into

  1. DORSAL
  2. Basal
  3. Inner veins

Valveless and independent of the ARTERIES.
Open into also valveless: DURAL VENOUS SINUSES (Sinus dura matis)
Sinuses enclosed within the Dura Mater = Devided into DORSAL and ventral systems.

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31
Q

DORSAL Sinus system

A
  1. DORSAL SAGGITAL SINUS collects blood from dorsal part of the brain. Passes within the FALX CEREBRI. Joined toward itscaudal END by:
  2. Straight Sinus, before it devides into:
  3. TRANSVERSE Sinus, which extend to boths sides in MEMBRANA TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
    - recieves blood from CEREBELLAR VEINS
    - Unite with the:
  4. TEMPORAL SINUS
    - open into FOR.Retroarticulare
    - connects. With. The. Ventral system.
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32
Q

VENTRAL Sinus system

A 
Ventral or BASILLAR System:
-drains ventral part of the brain and parts of the FACE!
- consists of:
1. SINUS CAVERNOSUS
- surrounds the HYPOPHYSIS
- closely connected to the:
Distal Sigmoid end of the A.CAROTIS INT.
EPIDURAL RETE MIRABILE
VENTRAL SYSTEM recieves from:
- face
-  Orbit
- nasal cavity
By the: V.FACIALIS PROFUNDA
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33
Q

How does the arrangement of the VENTRAL Sinus system cool down the bloodsupply to the brain?

A

Because A. Carotis INT is «Bathed» in colder VENOUS BLOOD when it passes through the SINUS. CAVERNOSUS

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34
Q

What does grey mater consist of?

A

Substantia Grisea
- composed of cell bodies and processes of NEURONS and GLIAL Cells.
- Butterfly shape
1- COLUMNA DORSALE - Cornu DORSALE (in transverse sections)
Consist of somatisk and afferent visceral neurons.

2- COLUMNA VENTRALE - Cornu ventrale (in transverse sections)
Mainly composed by motorneurons.

3- COLUMNA LATERALE - Cornu laterale(in transverse sections)
Of the THORACOLUMBAR spine contain visceromotor neurons. Sympathetic neurons.

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35
Q

What does white mater consist of?

A

Substantia Alba consist of:
Mainly MYELINATED ASCENDING and DESCENDING Nerve fiber
MYELINATED sheets are formed by oligodendrocytes = responsible for the whitecolour.

White mater devided into COLUMS orFUNICULI
= composed of bundles of nervefibers of common origin/dest/funct
1. FUNICULUS DORSALIS
2. FUNICULUS VENTROLATERALIS

36
Q

Spinal chord can be devided into segments, what are they?

A

Pars cervicalis
Pars thoracica
Pars Lumbalis
Pars Coccygea

37
Q

The Spinal chord has two enlargements. What are they, and what do they do?

A
  1. Intumescentia cervicalis
    - involvescaudal part of cervical spine and initial part of th spine
    - gives rise to the Spinal nerves that forms BRACHIAL PLEXUS that innervates the thoracic limb.
  2. Intumescentia lumbalis
    - Gives rise to the Spinal nerves which innervates the pelvic cavity and limb.
38
Q

What is found caudal to the INTUMESCENTIA LUMBALIS

A

Spinal chord tapers into an elongated cone (CONUS MEDULLARIS)
Which is reduced and bcomes FILUM TERMINALE.

39
Q

How does the SPINAL NERVE FORM?

A

The nervefibers of each root are bound together at the FOR.INTERVERTEBRALE.

Developent:
In the fetus the Spinal chord and the vertebral collumn has the same length, and each Spinal nerve leaves the vertebral canal through the For.intervertebrale at the level of ITS origin.
During development, however the vertebral collumn increases more in length than the Spinal chord, and the caudal END of the Spinal chord is cranial to the caudal END of the vertebral collumn.

Therefore in order to leave the vertebral canal the Spinal nerves has to pass caudally within the vertebral canal untilll it reaches the appropriate intervertebral foramina.

Caudal and Sacral Spinal roots stream caudally beyond the CONUS MEDULLARIS to exit their respektive foramina. These roots are DESIGNATED CAUDA EQUINA.

40
Q

What does the RHOMBENCEPHALON consist of?

A

= HINDBRAIN

  1. Myelencephalon = Medulla oblongata (caudal part)
  2. Metencephalon = Pons and Cerebellum (rostral)

Also includes 4th ventricle

41
Q

What is MYELENCEPHALON?

A

MEDULLA OBLUNGATA

BORDER: From 1st pair of nervi cervicales –> Pons
ENCLOSES: Caudal part of the IV Ventricle
+ Velum medullare caudale

42
Q

Where is the myelencephalon located?

A

MO is located in FOSSA MEDULLA OBLUNGATA dorsal to Basi occipital bone.

43
Q

What are the nuclei of Myelencephalon?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves:
VI –> XII
+ corresponding PARASYMPH nuclei
+ caudal part og large nucleus of TRIGEMINAL N.

44
Q

What is the function of the MYELENCEPHALON?

A
  1. Controlls respiration & circulation
  2. Reflex for:
    - PROTECTION of eye
    = palpebral reflex and lacrimal secretion
  • UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
    = Sneezing and coughing
  • FOOD INTAKE
    = Sucling, swallowing
45
Q

Defects on Myelencephalon

A

LESION of MO

= Defect of cranial nerves –> Death

46
Q

What are the parts of the METENCEPHALON?

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Tegmentum metencephali
Velum medullare rostrale

47
Q

What are the pons?

A

Bridge btw MO and Mesencephalon

48
Q

The Pons has two parts

A

Dorsal part = Tegmentum points = roof of 4th ventricle

Ventral part

49
Q

Function of the PONS

A

Motorfunctions of the body

- a lot of motor nuclei

50
Q

What are the main features of the PONS

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve (lat)
    + its motor nucleus
    + Other motor nuclei
  2. Nucleii + nervefibers of FORMATIO RETICULARIS = 1/2 pons
  3. Ascending + Descending tracts –> Cerebellum
    Pedunculus cerebellaris medius
  4. FOSSA RHOMBOIDEA –> 4th ventricle
51
Q

CEREBELLUM location

A

ABOVE 4th ventricle/ dorsal to fossa rhomboidea

52
Q

CEREBELLUM composed of

A

Bulk of GREY MATTER = Cortex cerebelli
+ WHITE MATER (enclosed in cortex) = Corpus Medullare
= forms the TREE of LIFE = ARBOR VITAE

53
Q

Function of the CEREBELLUM

A

Balance
Coordination of skeletal muscles// posture and locomotion
Caudal lobe: Motor function
Rostral lobe: Proprioceptive info

54
Q

Parts of the CEREBELLUM

A

Medial saggiata ridge = VERMIS

Lateral hemispheres = HEMISPHERA CEREBELLI

55
Q

The VERMIS (lobes) of CEREBELLI

A
  1. Rostral Lobe = AUCHICEREBELLUM
  2. Caudal Lobe = NEOCEREBELLUM
  3. Caudoventral Lobe = PALEOCEREBELLUM

+ HEMISPHERA CEREBELLI

56
Q

Cerebellums connection to the Brainstem

A

PEDUNCLE

  1. Rostral cerebellar Peduncle -> Velum medullare rostr
  2. Caudal cerebellar Peduncle -> Velum medu caud
  3. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle -> Pons
57
Q

What does the roof of the 4th ventricle consist of?

A

Velum medullare + Cerebellum = Roof of 4th ventricle

58
Q

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A 
Fossa Rhomboidea
- Walls marked by bilateral eminences 
= AREA ACCUSTICA
- Eminentia Medialis: Btw sulcus medaianus and limitans.
Nuclei of cranial nerves IX, X and XII
59
Q

What is OBEX

A

Caudal end of sulcus medians

60
Q

What is MESENCEPHALON

A

Midbrain

61
Q

What does the MESENCEPHALON consist of from dorsal to ventral

A

+TECTUM MESENCEPHALI (=lamina tact, =lamina quadrigemina)

+ TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI

+ CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES/ Crura cerebri, Pedunculi Cerebrii

62
Q

What does DIENCEPHALON comprise?

A

EPITHALAMUS
THALAMUS
MATATHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS

63
Q

Functions of the midbrain

A

Function of the mesencephalon
1- Nuclei of III and IV Cranial nerves
= Coordination of volunteer muscle functions

2- RED NUCLEUS
= Muscle toning, body posture, locomotion

3- SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
= Initial phase of FAST MOVEMENT

64
Q

What is TECTUM MESENCEPHALLI?

A

= Roof of midbrain
covers: AQUADUCTUS MESENCEPHALI:
= btw III and IV ventricle.

65
Q

TECTUM MESENCEPHALL

What is the COLLICULI responsible for?

A

Colliculi = Reflex centers for Hearing and vision.

  1. Colliculi ROSTRALE
    = VISION PATHWAY
    Corpus geniculatum laterale
  2. Colliculi CAUDALE
    = AUDITORY PATHWAY
66
Q

What does the cerebral peduncle Flank?

A

Interpeduncular fossa

67
Q

Interpeduncular Fossa contain

A

Mammillary Body
Hypophyseal Infundibulum
Pituitary Gland

68
Q

What determines the function of the midbrain?

A

Nuclei of third and fourth cranial nerves, and reflexcenters of hearing and vision.

It plays an important role in voluntary motorfunction!
controlled by higher centers:
1. RED nucleus -> Muscle tone, body posture and locomotion.
2. Substantia Nigra -> Initiating phase of FAST Movements.

69
Q

How is the Cerebellum attached to the Brainstem?

A

By Cerebellar Peduncles (3) on each side and by caudal and rostral cerebral vela

70
Q

What are the divisions of the RHINENCEPHALON

A
  1. Pars Basilaris
  2. Pars Septalis
  3. Pars Limbica
71
Q

What is the caudal Cerebellar peduncle composed of?

A 
Largely composed of afferent fibers!
- some running from origins within the Spinal Chord 
- others from:
VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
OLIVARY NUCLEUS and
RETICULAR FORMATION
72
Q

What does the middle Peduncle compose of?

A

AFFERENT fibers

Arising from PONTINE NUCLEI

73
Q

What is the rostral Peduncle connected to?

A

Attached to the MIDBRAIN

74
Q

What is the rostral Peduncle composed of?

A 
Largely composed of
EFFERENT fibers dispatched toward:
RED NUCLEUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
THALAMUS 
But also afferent components that continues the Ventral spinocerebellar tract
75
Q

What is the function of the CErEbELLUm?

A

Controll of balance and the coordination of postural and locomotor activities

Balance: Located in FLOCCULONoDULaR node

Caudal Lobe: feedback regulation of motor function. Recieves direct Input from PONTINE and OLIVARY NUCL

76
Q

Where do you find the Midbrain ?

A

Exposed on the Ventral surface of the intact Brain

77
Q

What does the Midbrain cobtribute to?

A

Crura Cerebri
Fossa i interpeduncularis
Superf origin of
oculomotor Nerves (III)

78
Q

What is the lumen of the Midbrain?

A

Aqueduct = simple passage joining 3rd and 4th ventricle

79
Q

Midbrain Comprises

A

Tectum (Rostral and caudal Colliculi)
Tegmentum
Cerebral Peduncle

80
Q

What does the caudal Colliculi controll?

A

Auditory pathway

81
Q

What does the rostral Colliculi controll?

A

Visual pathway

82
Q

What does the TEGMENTUM Comprises ?

A

Core of the Midbrain

Mutch of it formed by Reticular formation

83
Q

What is the Principal mesenphallic Nuclei?

A
  • Mesenphallic Nuclei of TRIGEMINAL nerve (v)
  • Trochlear nuclei(IV)
  • Principal and parasymph oculomotor nuclei(III)
  • Red Nuclei
  • periaqueductal grey
  • Substantia Nigra
84
Q

The red Nucleus and the Substantia Nigra Is accossiated with

A

Basal Nuclei

Controll of voluntary movements

85
Q

Where does the occulomotor nerve emerge

A

Interpeduncular fossa, rostral to the Pons

86
Q

What is the LIMBIC System?

A

System responsible for emotional behaviour.

ANATOMY III - Final (active Recall) (5 decks)

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