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OV2023 visual perception > brain and its relations > Flashcards

brain and its relations Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three major parts of the brain?

A

. cerebrum
. cerebellum
. brainstem

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2
Q

how much of our metabolic resources does the brain use?

A

uses 20% of our metabolic resources even though its 2% of our body weight

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3
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

. the skull has 22 bones
. 6 single bones at the midline of skull
. 8 paired

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4
Q

what are the two main regions of the skull?

A
  1. cranium( vault) covering the brain
    . has 4 unpaired bones: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

. has 2 paired bones: parietal, temporal

  1. facial
    . has 2 unpaired bones: mandible, vomer

. has 6 paired bones: maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, nasal, inferior conchae

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5
Q

what are the skull bones protecting the brain?

A

. frontal
. parietal
. occipital
. temporal

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6
Q

what is the ethmoid bone?

A

. forms the midline of eye socket

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7
Q

what is the sphenoid bone?

A

. forms the apex, back of eye socket

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8
Q

what is the brain protected by?

A

. protected by tough connective tissue membrane = the dura mater

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9
Q

what are the 3 membranes covering the external surface of the brain and spinal cord?

A
  1. outer, dura mater
  2. middle, arachnoid mater
  3. inner, pia mater
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10
Q

what is the outer, dura mater?

A

. covers the external surface of the brain
. 0.5 mm thick with separate sheets of collagen and elastic fibres
. very tough and fibrous, fused to the periosteum of the skull, prevents the brain moving when moving your head
. suspends the brain, reducing its weight and movement via double folds extending into the largest fissures
e.g. falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

what is the inner, pia mater?

A

. very fine, closely invests the entire brain surface and its capillaries contributing to the blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

what is the arachnoid mater?

A

. middle layer
. thinner than dura mater , wraps over the brain creating a space for larger surface blood vessels known as sub-arachnoid

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13
Q

where does the brain get its blood supply from?

A

2 paired arterial supplies

  1. internal carotids
  2. vertebrals
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14
Q

what is the internal carotids?

A

. supply anterior brain

  • enter skull via carotid canals
  • form 3 main branches: ophthalmic, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral
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15
Q

what is the vertebrals?

A

. supply posterior brain

  • enter the skull via foramen magnum
  • join to form single, large basilar artery
  • main branches : posterior cerebral and various pontine and cerebellar arteries
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16
Q

what are the 2 arterial supplies joined by?

A

. the internal carotids and vertebral supplies are united by 1 anterior and 2 posterior communicating arteries at the circle of willis

17
Q

where are the 2 arterial supplies joined?

A

. the two arterial supplies are joined at the circle of willis

18
Q

what does the anterior communicating artery link?

A

. the anterior communicating artery links the 2 anterior cerebral arteries

19
Q

what does the 2 posterior communicating arteries link?

A

the 2 posterior communicating arteries link the 2 ( left and right ) posterior cerebral to the 2 ( left and right ) middle cerebral arteries

20
Q

what do the 1 anterior and 2 posterior arteries act as?

A

. they act as shunt , which may be especially important of one supply were to be reduced

21
Q

what is the animal most commonly used in stroke research ?

A

gerbil

22
Q

what is the venous drainage?

A

. occurs in 3 stages: from capillaries to
1. deep and external veins
2. venous sinuses, also found in fissures or cavities outside the brain and encased double protective layers of dura e.g.
. superior sagittal sinus ( longitudinal fissure)
. transverse ( occipital lobe and cerebellum )
3. internal jugular veins

23
Q

what are the sinuses outside the brain?

A

. superior sagittal sinus
. transvers sinus
. cavernous sinus

24
Q

how to determine if blood is flowing properly through a persons brain?

A

use carotid angiography

25
Q

what is carotid angiography ?

A

. needle is inserted into the internal carotid artery
. dye is injected into the artery
. x-ray is taken in 3 sequences to examine the arterial , capillaries and venous phases of blood supply through the brain

26
Q

how is CSF produced ?

A

. 300 ml/day by specialized vascular-epithelial complexes ( choroid plexus ) inside the lateral and 3rd ventricles

27
Q

what is the composition and function of CSF?

A

. the composition is similar to interstitial/lymphatic fluid this is because the brain and spinal cord do not contain lymphatic vessels
. acts as a replacement for this by diffusing into the brain and spinal cord to bathe neurons and glial cells and remove their spent neurotransmitters and metabolites
. reduces brain weight and acts a shock-absorber

28
Q

how is CSF drained?

A

. removed by outpocketings of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinus ( superior sagittal) in the longitudinal fissure between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

29
Q

explain the ventricular system and CSF circulation?

A

. inside each of the cerebral cortex on the left and right are really large spaces which are full of CSF which are called the lateral ventricles
. the CSF found in the lateral ventricles circulates through the system into a single third ventricle
. from the 3rd ventricle the CSF continues circulating through a narrow tube found in the brain stem called the cerebral aqueduct through the fourth ventricle
. from the 4th ventricle the CSF escapes into three holes called the foramen of magendie and foramena of luschka

30
Q

what is the function of cerebral aqueduct?

A

. takes CSF from site of production in the lateral ventricle down into fourth aqueduct

31
Q

what happens if cerebral aqueduct gets blocked?

A

. CSF is being produced but can’t circulate

. CSF builds up in the cavities

32
Q

what is hydrocephalus in children ?

A

. happens in foetal life, before skull bones have hardened ( ossified )
. occurs when CSF accumulates, pushing the brain and flimsy skull outwards; expanded head, neurological deficits

33
Q

what is hydrocephalus in adults?

A

. causes raised intra-cranial pressure and headaches
. CSF accumulates outside the brain and optic nerve
. causes brain infection, bleeds, trauma , hypertensive crisis
. causes visual disturbances in affected eyes, including diplopia
. optic nerve looks cloudy

34
Q

what is papilledema?

A

Papilledema is the swelling of the optic nerve as it enters the back of the eye due to raised intracranial pressure.

OV2023 visual perception (20 decks)

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