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BME 301 > Brain and EEG > Flashcards

Brain and EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the nervous system does an EEG measure?

A

Central nervous system

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2
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between two nerve cells

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3
Q

What happens at the synapse (in terms of signals)?

A

An electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal

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4
Q

What chemicals are found in the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

How is a chemical signal converted into an electrical signal?

A

Makes it more likely to initiate an action potential (ion channels)

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6
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Makes it easier to have an action potential (depolarization)

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7
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Makes it harder to have an action potential (hyperpolarization)

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8
Q

What is a hyperpolarization?

A

Negative ions flow into the cell, making it harder to have an action potential

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9
Q

What are the two advantages of chemical signaling?

A

Signal amplification and signal computation

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10
Q

What is signal amplification?

A

Chemicals can interact with many neurons, and thus amplify the signal

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11
Q

What is signal computation?

A

Can integrate different signals to generate a calculated response

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12
Q

What are the two advantages of electrical signaling?

A

Speed and certainty

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13
Q

What ends the signal in a synapse?

A

Transporters

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14
Q

How does SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) work?

A

Blocks serotonin transporters, keeping serotonin in the synapse

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15
Q

What is SSRI used to treat?

A

Depression (imbalance of serotonin)

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16
Q

How does the brain get neurotransmitters?

A

It makes its own

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17
Q

How do drugs of abuse work?

A

Block transporters (dopamine) to keep the high feeling

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18
Q

What makes a drug addictive?

A

Kinetics (doesn’t stay stuck to the transporter)

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19
Q

What does encephalo mean?

A

Related to the brain

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20
Q

What system is used to put electrodes on the scalp for EEG?

A

10/20 system

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21
Q

How can the resolution be increased in an EEG?

A

More electrodes (10/10 system)

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22
Q

What signals are read by an EEG?

A

Post synaptic potentials in the cortex

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23
Q

How are pyramidal cells oriented?

A

Vertically (no crisscrossing)

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24
Q

What is the significance of the pyramidal cells orientation?

A

Allows for the signals to be read (no canceling out)

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25
Q

What is a PSP?

A

Post-synaptic potential

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26
Q

Why are PSPs measured by an EEG?

A

Action potentials are very short, but PSPs are much longer; PSPs have a larger ampitude

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27
Q

What is synchronization (EEG)?

A

Pyramidal cells firing at the same time

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28
Q

What happens if neurons are firing synchronously (in terms of frequency)?

A

Lower frequency

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29
Q

What happens if neurons are firing asynchronously (in terms of frequency)?

A

Higher frequency

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30
Q

If an excitatory signal originates at the scalp, what deflection is measured?

A

Upward (more negative towards the scalp)

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31
Q

If an excitatory signal originates deep in the brain, what deflection is measured?

A

Downward (more positive towards the scalp)

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32
Q

If an inhibitory signal originates at the scalp, what deflection is measured?

A

Downward (more positive towards the scalp)

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33
Q

If an inhibitory signals originates deep in the brain, what deflection is measured?

A

Upward (more negative towards the scalp)

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34
Q

If an excitatory signal originates at the scalp, what direction is the polarization moving?

A

A depolarization is moving towards the base

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35
Q

If an excitatory signal originates at the base, what direction is the polarization moving?

A

A depolarization is moving towards the scalp

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36
Q

If an inhibitory signal originates at the scalp, what direction is the polarization moving?

A

A hyperpolarization is moving towards the base

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37
Q

If an inhibitory signal originates at the base, what direction is the polarization moving?

A

A hyperpolarization is moving towards the scalp

38
Q

What determines the magnitude of the EEG?

A

The gradient and location of the PSPs

39
Q

Which PSPs have a higher gradient?

A

Excitatory

40
Q

Which PSPs have a lower gradient?

A

Inhibitory

41
Q

What is the dipole due to a depolarization wave?

A
  • —–> +
42
Q

What is the dipole due to a hyperpolarization wave?

A

+ —–> -

43
Q

What is meant by fortuitous neural architecture?

A

Orientation of pyramidal cells allows for EEG recordings (signals do not cancel out)

44
Q

If there is a positive deflection in EEG, what voltage is the electrode sensing (positive or negative)?

A

Negative

45
Q

If there is a negative deflection in EEG, what voltage is the electrode sensing (positive or negative)?

A

Positive

46
Q

What brain waves have the highest frequency?

A

Beta waves

47
Q

What brain waves have the lowest freqiency?

A

Delta waves

48
Q

What brain waves have the second highest frequency?

A

Alpha waves

49
Q

What brain waves have the second lowest frequency?

A

Theta waves

50
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and consciousness?

A

As frequency increases, consciousness increases

51
Q

When are the neurons most synchronous?

A

During deep sleep (lowest frequency)

52
Q

How is an EEG signal modeled?

A

Cylinder with parameters of P, S, and phi

53
Q

In the EEG model, what does r represent?

A

Location of cortical column (within the brain)

54
Q

In the EEG model, what does w represent?

A

Volume that current source takes up

55
Q

In the EEG model, what does t represent?

A

Time

56
Q

In the EEG model, what does P represent?

A

Dipole moment (per unit volume)

57
Q

In the EEG model, what does P depend on?

A

r (location) and t (time)

58
Q

In the EEG model, what does S represent?

A

Local volume source current

59
Q

In the EEG model, what does S depend on?

A

r (location), w (current sources), and t (time)

60
Q

In the EEG model, what does phi represent?

A

Potential at the scalp

61
Q

In the EEG model, what does phi depend on?

A

r (location) and t (time)

62
Q

In the EEG model, what does W represent?

A

Volume

63
Q

In the EEG model, how is the total dipole moment calculated?

A

Volume integral of product of volume of current sources (w) and local volume current (s), normalized by the total volume

64
Q

In the EEG model, how is the scalp potential calculated?

A

Integral over all cylinders of product of dipole moment (P) and Green’s function (G)

65
Q

In the EEG model, what does the Green’s function represent?

A

Relates the contribution of the unit source to the contribution to the scalp potential

66
Q

In the EEG model, what does the Green’s function take into account?

A

Geometric contributions and conductivity contributions

67
Q

In the EEG model, what do the integrals act as (generally)?

A

Weighted sums over a particular property

68
Q

In the EEG model, what does a higher frequency represent?

A

More complicated pattern at the scalp

69
Q

How can an eye blink alter an EEG signal?

A

Eye is a dipole, which can be picked up by the EEG

70
Q

What is alpha blocking?

A

When a person’s eyes are open, the alpha waves disappear

71
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Neurological disorder based on unpredictable, recurrent seizures

72
Q

What are seizures?

A

Synchronous and excessive excitement of neurons

73
Q

How are seizures visualized in an EEG signal?

A

Large areas of firing (large spikes)

74
Q

What is Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)?

A

Sending pulses to the vagus nerve to prevent seizures

75
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

A large cranial nerve that is the subject of VNS (“pacemaker” of the brain)

76
Q

Why is the vagus nerve a good target for clinical treatment?

A

Affects many different areas and neurotransmitters

77
Q

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A

Currents are put into the brain to start a seizure

78
Q

How is ECT thought to work?

A

Change of brain chemistry to “reset”

79
Q

What do VNS and ECT have in common?

A

Both affect large areas of the brain to act as a treatment

80
Q

What neurotransmitter is important in auditory perception?

A

Serotonin

81
Q

What does LDAEP stand for?

A

Loudness Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potentials

82
Q

What could LDAEP be correlated with?

A

Levels of serotonin in serotonin neurons

83
Q

What could be a clinical use of LDAEP?

A

Diagnose who could benefit from SSRI (who has an imbalance of serotonin)

84
Q

What is usually treated with DBS?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

85
Q

What is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?

A

Stimulating a section deep within the brain for a clinical effect

86
Q

Why is DBS useful for Parkinson’s?

A

Parkinson’s is localized based on specific dopaminergic neurons, which can be stimulated

87
Q

Why is brain signaling complicated clinically (such as in Parkinson’s)?

A

Parts of the brain can excite and inhibit each other

88
Q

What is the general rule of the brain (in terms of concentrations)?

A

Balance is critical

89
Q

What is MEG?

A

Measures magnetic charges of the brain

90
Q

What is the advantage of MEG over EEG?

A

Could measure magnetic signals if the brain was filled with air (could not measure electrical signals)

91
Q

What magnetic dipoles are measured by MEG?

A

Dipoles that are tangential to the scalp (produce vertical magnetic fields)

BME 301 (5 decks)

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