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OPT 113 > Brain and Cerebrum (M2) > Flashcards

Brain and Cerebrum (M2) Flashcards

1
Q

major brain regions

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
cerebellum (part of hindbrain with pons)

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2
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into

A

2 anatomical halves: right and left cerebral hemispheres - each contain 4 functional lobes:
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital

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3
Q

why is the outer brain folded onto itself

A

allows for more neurons within the cranium

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4
Q

gyri

A

folds in brain tissue (peaks)

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5
Q

sulci

A

depressions within the folds (baby grand canyons)

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6
Q

fissures

A

deeper grooves (very deep sulci) (big grand canyons)

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7
Q

what is the CNS derived from

A

neural tube - brain develops from the cranial end of the tube and spinal cord develops from the caudal end of the tube

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8
Q

is there disproportionate growth throughout the tube? if so, where?

A

yes; most notably the cranial end where 3 primary brain vesicles develop to form the:
- forebrain (proencephalon)
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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9
Q

which primary brain vesicles subdivide into secondary brain vesicles and what do they divide into

A

proencephalon (cerebrum):
- telencephalon (cerebrum)
- diencephalon
rhombencephalon:
- metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
- myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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10
Q

what is gray matter comprised of

A

soma and dendrites of neurons

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11
Q

what is white matter comprised of

A

color of the neuron’s myelinated axons

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12
Q

what is the outer cortex within the cerebrum and cerebellum comprised of

A

gray matter and isolated areas of cerebral nuclei towards its core

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13
Q

location of white matter relative to the cortex and what does it contain

A

deep to the cortex.
contains major sensory and motor tracts.
in the brainstem and spinal cord - white matter is external to gray matter

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14
Q

what makes up the meninges

A

3 connective tissue layers that surround the CNS

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15
Q

functions of the meninges

A

separate and support soft tissues of the brain and spinal cord from surrounding cranium and vertebra.
enclose and protect vessels supplying CNS.
contain and assist in circulation of CSF

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16
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges.
caused by viral or bacterial infection.
contagious.
can be fatal.

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

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18
Q

pia mater

A

innermost.
thin layer of connective tissue.
tightly adheres to brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer.
partially containing delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers.
contains deep subarachnoid space filled with CSF and cerebral vasculature

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20
Q

dura mater

A

outermost.
very tough and fibrous layer.
subdivided into inner meningeal and outer periosteal layers.
- epidural and subdural spaces are potential and filled with blood when someone suffers a hematoma

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21
Q

dural deflections

A

4 locations where inner meningeal layer of the dura mater extends into the cranium

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22
Q

what are the 4 dural deflections

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

falx cerebri

A

projects into longitudinal fissure between right and left cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres

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24
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres

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25
Q

diaphragma sellae

A

passage for stalk of pituitary gland

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26
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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27
Q

what are dural sinuses

A

large, blood-filled modified veins located between outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers of dura mater.
drainage!

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28
Q

CSF functions

A

protects CNS externally in subarachnoid space and internally by production/movement of CSF in brain ventricles.
brain buoyancy as similar in density to CSF.
chemical environment regulation.

29
Q

what are the 4 ventricles

A

Lateral (2)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

30
Q

what are brain ventricles

A

cavities lined with ependymal cells and contain CSF

31
Q

lateral ventricles (2)

A

crescent-shaped.
drains CSF into 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen.

32
Q

third ventricle

A

midsagittal; located between right and left thalamus.
drains CSF into 4th ventricle within brainsteam via cerebral aqueduct (midbrain).

33
Q

fourth ventricle

A

floor is posterior surface of pons and medulla.
roof is anterior surface of cerebellum.
CSF drains into central canal of spinal cord or subarachnoid space via 2 lateral apertures and one medial aperture

34
Q

choroid plexus

A

major producer of CSF.
CSF production via active, pressure-independent process from blood that is passing through plexus capillaries that form blood-brain barrier

35
Q

CSF drainage

A

arachnoid granulations into dural sinus via passive, pressure-dependent process.
only when CSF pressure > dural sinus blood pressure.
ventricles –> subarachnoid space –> dural sinuses

36
Q

what divides the 2 halves of the cerebrum

A

midsagittal longitudinal fissure

37
Q

commissures

A

white matter regions where fibers cross from one hemisphere to the other

38
Q

what information do the hemispheres receive

A

afferent information from and send efferent information to the opposite side of the body

39
Q

what is related to the dominant hemisphere

A

language and speech perception.
typically: left cerebral hemisphere

40
Q

what is related to the non-dominant hemisphere

A

spatial perception, face recognition, auditory understanding, and creativity.
typically: right cerebral hemisphere

41
Q

which hemisphere is handedness related to

A

dominant hemisphere - typically left cerebral hemisphere - so most individuals are right-handed

42
Q

contralateral fibers

A

fibers in a specific afferent/efferent pathway that decussate midline within the brainstem or spinal cord.
majority

43
Q

ipsilateral fibers

A

fibers that remain on the same side of the midline.
minority

44
Q

major fissures

A

longitudinal
calcarine

45
Q

major sulci

A

lateral
parieto-occipital
central

46
Q

major gyri

A

pre-central and post-central
temporal

47
Q

location of frontal lobe

A

immediately posterior to frontal bone and rest in anterior cranial fossa

48
Q

location of parietal lobes

A

uppermost part of cerebrum

49
Q

location of occipital lobes

A

rear of cerebrum and immediately above tentorium cerebelli and cerebellum (latter lies within posterior cranial fossa)

50
Q

location of temporal lobes

A

lateralmost, horizontally-oriented lobes located medial to the squamous portion of the temporal bone and rest within middle cranial fossa

51
Q

location of insula

A

smallest lobe comprised of cortex, deep to lateral sulcus, directly connected to limbic system

52
Q

what are the cell types in the cerebral cortex and how are they oriented

A

comprised of functional units (cortical columns) and arranged vertically through multiple layers.
contain neurons that carry afferent and efferent signals that serve a specific purpose.

53
Q

structure of pyramidal cells

A

tall, conical multipolar neurons.
soma are pyramid-shaped with apex pointing towards cortex surface.
dendrites contain spines (dendritic spines)

54
Q

what is the most abundant of the cortical cells

A

pyramidal cells

55
Q

how do pyramidal cells exit the cortex

A

single axon from base of soma typically exits cortex and connects with other parts of the CNS as association, projection, or commissural fibers

56
Q

structure of stellate (granule) cells

A

short dendrites and axons projecting in all directions

57
Q

what input do stellate cells receive

A

sensory input.
process info at local level.
many subtypes (spiny v. non-spiny)

58
Q

other cells of the cerebral cortex

A

chandelier cells
martinotti cells
horizontal cells of Cajal

59
Q

where can sensory (afferent) input come from

A

other areas of the cortex in the same cerebral hemisphere as association fibers.
from corresponding cortex in opposing cerebral hemisphere as commissural fibers.
from thalamus deep in the brain as projection fibers - thalamic input from lower parts of brain and spinal cord

60
Q

where can motor (efferent) output go to

A

other parts of the cerebral cortex in same hemisphere as association fibers.
same cortex in opposing hemisphere as commissural fibers.
lower parts of the brain (ex. brainstem) and spinal cord as projection fibers

61
Q

what is the neocortex

A

6-layered tissues that makes up 90% of the cerebral cortex

62
Q

earliest known cortex

A

paleocortex

63
Q

how many layers make up the paleocortex and what is it associated with

A

1-5 layers.
associated with insula and areas of temporal lobe dedicated to olfaction

64
Q

how many layers make up the archicortex and what is it associated with

A

3 layers.
associated with memory-forming center of hippocampus deep within temporal lobe

65
Q

is the homotypic or heterotypic cortex more common

A

homo - 90%
hetero - 10%

66
Q

what does the homotypic cortex retain

A

6-layer layout from fetus to adulthood

67
Q

what are the layers of the homotypic cortex from external to internal

A
  1. molecular
  2. external granular
  3. external pyramidal
  4. internal granular
  5. internal pyramidal
  6. multiform
68
Q

granular type of the heterotypic cortex

A

granular layers well-developed (2 and 4).
large pyramidal neuron layers poorly developed (3 and 5).

69
Q

agranular type of heterotypic cortex

A

granular layers poorly developed (2 and 4).
large pyramidal neuron layers well-developed (3 and 5).

OPT 113 (6 decks)

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