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Psychology > Brain and Behaviour > Flashcards

Brain and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

nLocalisation of function in the brain

A

the theory that specific parts of the brain are responsible for specific behaviours or cognitive processes.

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2
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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3
Q

frontal

A

creativity, memory, judgement, problem solving, mood

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4
Q

parietal

A

higher thinking/sense, language functions

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5
Q

temporal

A

hearing, perception, memory, speech

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6
Q

occipital

A

vision

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7
Q

the limbic system

A

Aka emotional part of the brain - major focus of psych research for its role in memory and emotion

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8
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for transfer of short-term to long-term memory

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9
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability for parts of the brain, such as the synapses and pathways, to change and adapt to both genetic and environmental experiences

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10
Q

neural networks

A

A series of functionally connected neurons

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11
Q

dendritic branching

A

When we learn something new, the neurons connect to create a new trace in the brain
- Dendrites of neurons grow in numbers and
connect with other neurons

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12
Q

neural pruning

A

Pruning of pathways occurs when a specific pathway (certain skill) remains unused, meaning that the synapses not used are also eliminated
- occurs to make room for the growth of more
neurons

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13
Q

Agonist

A

a chemical that stimulates the firing of a neuron when it binds to its relevant receptor sites. Both endogenous and exogenous agonists can impact the process of neurotransmission which affects behaviour

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14
Q

endogenous agonist

A

produced in the body

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15
Q

exogenous agonist

A

produced outside of the body e.g. drugs

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16
Q

antagonist

A

a chemical that inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter by blocking receptor sites on the post synaptic membrane so les neurotransmitters bind and their effects are reduced. It limits the communication between neurons from occurring therefore limiting the effect the neurotransmitters have on specific behaviour

17
Q

neurons

A

specialised cells that transmit chemical and electrical signals to facilitate communication between the brain and the body

18
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical compound used by nervous system to send messages from one neuron to another

19
Q

neurotransmission

A

the process of neurons emitting neurotransmitters

20
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron fires
  2. Synaptic vesicles (sacs) move from axon
    terminal buttons towards presynaptic
    membrane
  3. Vesicles break to release neurotransmitter
    into synaptic cleft
  4. Some neurotransmitters bind with
    ‘receptors’ on the dendrites of the
    postsynaptic neuron
  5. The postsynaptic neuron is either activated
    or inhibited
21
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase the likelihood of a neuron firing by depolarising the neuron. E.g. Acetylcholine.

22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing by hyperpolarising the neuron. E.g. GABA.

23
Q

Acetylcholine (AcH)

A

a neurotransmitter associated with the formation of spatial memory

24
Q

AcH location

A

Central nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

AcH function

A
  • Muscle movements (contraction)
  • Smoot muscle like the heart
  • Memory and learning
  • Motor neurons
26
Q

too much AcH is linked with:

A
  • Increased salivation
  • Muscle weakening
  • Blurred vision
  • paralysis
27
Q

too little AcH is linked with:

A
  • Learning and memory impairments
  • (according to research) dementia and Alzheimer’s
28
Q

ethics for brain and behaviour

A

*deception
*consent
*protection from harm

29
Q

types of consent

A

general
full informed

30
Q

types of protection from harm

A

mental
physical

31
Q

general consent

A

have consented to take part, but don’t know what’s being researched
- reduces demand characteristics

32
Q

full informed consent

A

participants know exactly what is being researched, and where it’s being published
- Increases demand characteristics and
therefore decreases internal validity

33
Q

MRI

A
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • a non invasive way to view organs, tissues, bones and other structures
  • use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce internal images of the body
34
Q

MRI strengths

A
  • Scientific
    • Objective and fact-based - increases
      credibility
  • Non invasive
  • Doesn’t use radiation
  • Extremely clear detailed images of soft tissue
    structures - which other imaging techniques
    cannot achieve
  • Can easily create hundreds of images from
    almost any direction and in any orientation
  • Can cover large portions of the body unlike
    others which examine small body parts
35
Q

MRI weaknesses

A
  • Expensive and as a result used on smaller
    sample sizes
    • Lower population validity
  • Low construct validity
    • MRI indirect measure as
      neurotransmission is a difficult concept to
      quantify or measure using technology
  • Cannot always distinguish between malignant
    tumours or benign disease which could learn
    to false positive results
  • Not painful, but patient must remain still in an
    enclosed machine, which may be a problem
    for claustrophobic patients
  • An undetected metal implant in a patient’s
    body may be affected by strong magnet of
    MRI unit
  • If patient chooses to be sedated for scanning,
    there is slight risk associated with using the
    sedation medication
36
Q

fMRI

A
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • measures small changes in the blood flow
    that occur with brain activity
  • work by detecting the changes in blood
    oxygenation and glow that occur in response
    to neural activity- that is when a brain area is
    more active, it consumes more oxygen and to
    meet this increased demand, blood flow
    increases to the active area
37
Q

fMRI strengths

A
  • Doesn’t rely on radiation
  • Images with high spatial resolution, showing
    detail by millimetre
  • Provides clear picture of how brain activity is
    localised

Psychology (11 decks)

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