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My Created Flashcards > Brain and Behavior test2 > Flashcards

Brain and Behavior test2 Flashcards

0
Q

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

A

Similar to EEG but measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity instead of electric

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1
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Records electrical activity produced by various brain regions, measures sleep stages

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2
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

A

Records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce detailed image

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3
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Modified MRI, oxygen consumption of brain to show moving picture, safer and less expensive than pet

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4
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)

A

Injection of dye in blood, passage of X-rays through head, sees tumors and abnormalities

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5
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Powerful magnetic field to image the brain

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6
Q

Types of synapses

A

Dendrodendritic, axondendritic, axoextracellular, axosomatic, axosynaptic, axoaxonic, axosecretory

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7
Q

Dendrodendritic

A

Synapse where dendrites send messages to other dendrites

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8
Q

Axondendritic

A

Axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another

Type of synapse

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9
Q

Axoextracellular

A

Terminal with no specific target, secretes transmitter into extracellular fluid

Synapse type

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10
Q

Axosomatic

A

Axon terminal ends on cell body

Synapse type

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11
Q

Axosynaptic

A

Axon terminal ends on another terminal

Synapse type

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12
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Axon terminal ends on another axon

Synapse type

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13
Q

Axosecretory

A

Axon terminal ends on tiny blood vessel and secretes transmitter directly into blood

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14
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

Graded potential that decays over time and space

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15
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

When x causes y to be hyperpolarized

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16
Q

Temporal summation

A

If presynaptic neuron is stimulated more than once, this can occur

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17
Q

Spatial summation

A

Two different parts of post synaptic neuron are stimulated at the same time

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18
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Gap junction, direct contact membrane to membrane of neurons

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19
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Second type of synapse

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20
Q

Gap junction

A

Electrical synapse
Info passed through tubular channels containing cytoplasm, cytoplasm is continuos, found on mammal brains.
Advantage: two way comm, fast

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21
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Neurotransmitters across synapses

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that travel across the synapse and allow communication. Made from diet, can excite or inhibit.

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23
Q

Neuroteansmitter sequence of chemical events

A

1) synthesis and packaging
2) transport to axon terminals
3) release via exocytosis

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24
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A

Glutamate and GABA, Neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Peptides

A

Neurotransmitters:
Met-enkephalin
And leu-enkephalin

Larger than other Neurotransmitters

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26
Q

Co-localization

A

Presence of two or more Neurotransmitters in same axon terminal

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27
Q

Exocytosis

A

Neurotransmitters are released by this

Vesicle containing nt fuses with membrane of presynaptic terminal

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28
Q

Postsynaptoc response

A

Effect of NT depends on the receptor on the Postsynaptic cell

(ionotropic, metabotropic, neuromodulatory)

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29
Q

Ionotropic Response

A

Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels

  • very quick, doesn’t last very long
  • involves GABA, glutamate, glycine
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30
Q

Metabotropic response

A

Slower and longer lasting

  • involves dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate or GABA
  • NTs attach to metabotropic receptor
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31
Q

Metabotropic events

A

Behaviors such as taste, smell, attention, arousal and pain

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32
Q

Neuromodulatory Response

A

Produced by Neuropeptides, colocalized in same neuron

-effect neighbors, all release same neuropeptide

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33
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptors that detect the amount of transmitter release and inhibit further synthesis

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34
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

neurotransmitter binding to presynaptic receptor decreases neurotransmitter from that axon terminal

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35
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Neurotransmitter (NT) binding to presynaptic receptor increases release of NT from axon terminal

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36
Q

The nerve impulse

A

Electrical message transmitted down axon, action potential

37
Q

Nerve impulse travel

A

Does not just travel down, is regenerated along the way so not weakened.

1 m per second to 100 meters per second depending on myelination

38
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Inside cell K+ and anions (large protein)

Outside: Na+ and some CI-

39
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Voltage difference, difference in electrical charge between inside and outside neuron

40
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Membrane of a neuron maintains this, difference between inside and outside electrical charge

-called polarization

41
Q

Resting potential (neuron)

A

State of the neuron prior to sending nerve impulse

42
Q

Ionic basis of resting membrane potential

A

These things explain it:

1) chemical gradient
2) electrical gradient
3) selective permeability
4) sodium-potassium pump

43
Q

Concentration gradient

A

How much of a thing in a cell spreads out throughout cell, amount is the concentration

44
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Inside a cell negative, outside positive, that means outside wants to go in etc

45
Q

Semi-permeable nature of membranes

A

Cell membrane allows some chemicals to pass in more freely than others

Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride can only get in when membrane channels open

46
Q

What can get in cell membrane always?

A

O2, CO2, H2O, urea

47
Q

Hyper polarization

A

Increasing difference between the electrical charge of two places

48
Q

Depolarization

A

Refers to decreasing the difference so membrane potential moves toward zero

49
Q

Characteristics of graded potential

A

Amplitude of response is proportional to intensity of stimulus that elicited it
-amplitude of response decreases we potential moves through neuron

50
Q

Action potential

A

Rapid depolarization of a neuron, varies from one neuron to another, this is a nergnimpuls

51
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

When any stimulation produces massive depolarization which triggers a nerve impulse or action potential

52
Q

Voltage-activated channels

A

Eg sodium and potassium

Proteins whose permeability depends upon the voltage difference across the membrane

53
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Process of restoring to original distribution of ions

-can be dangerous when too much sodium builds up in axon, can kill cells, but only when you take drugs or stroke

54
Q

Local anesthetic

A

Local anesthetic blocks sodium channels which stops sodium entering cell

Example: novocain and xylocaine

55
Q

All or none law

A

Law for action potentials, if the threshold is reached it works, of it isn’t reached nothing happens
-they don’t decrease as they travel, stay the same and are the same no matter the strength of stim

56
Q

How are different messages conveyed with action potentials?

A

Frequency or rhythm

57
Q

Refractory periods

A

Time when neuron to re-excitation and will not produce action potential

58
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

First part of the period on which membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of stimulation

59
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Second part in which it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger an action (takes about 2 to 4 milliseconds)

60
Q

Propagation of action potential

A

Starts axon hillock

  • propagated down the axon
  • regenerated along the way like the way like ‘the wave’
61
Q

Action potential on un- myelinated axons

A

Charge goes down, depolarizes areas on membranes it passes causing those membrane areas to reach excitation threshold and and generate their own action potential

62
Q

Electrical resistance

A

Opposition to the passage of a steady electrical current

-influenced by axon diameter and insulation (effect speed of propagation)

63
Q

Conduction velocity

A

How fast action potential is propagated (measured in meters per second)

= distance action pot. Moves/ time it take to travel the distance

64
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Occurs when myelin sheath is destroyed.
Progressive disease in early adult life.
-breaks down and then hardening of sheath and axons into scar tissue

65
Q

Symptoms of MS (multiple sclerosis)

A

Muscular weakness, visual dis, urinary incontin, tremor, loss of motor control (remission up to 2 years)
Cause unknown, maybe autoimmune problem. No cure

66
Q

Antagonist (drug)

A

Drug that blocks effects of natural neurotransmitter

67
Q

Agonist (drug)

A

Drug that mimics or increases a Neurotransmitters effects

68
Q

Inverse agonist (drug)

A

Drug that produces opposite effect of natural Neurotransmitter

69
Q

Affinity (drug)

A

Refers to how tightly bound the drug is to the receptor, can be strong or weak

70
Q

Efficacy (drugs)

A

Refers to a drug’s tendency to activate the receptor

71
Q

Other behaviors that release dopamine

A

Sexual excitement, gambling and video games and drugs

72
Q

Stimulant (drugs)

A

Drugs that increase excitement, alertness, motor activity, elevate mood

Ex: amphetamine, cocaine, Ritalin, nicotine

73
Q

Hallucinogenic drugs

A

Drugs that cause distorted perception

LSD, ecstasy

74
Q

Opiate (drugs)

A

Drugs derived from, or similar to, those from opium poppy, effects of decreasing pain perception

Ex endorphins

75
Q

Three ways that drugs can act on agonists or antagonists

A

1) alter release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron
2) alter the binding of NT to Postsynaptic receptor
3) alter the events that occur after neurotransmission is complete

76
Q

Drugs can alter release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron

A

Alter synthesis of neurotransmitter (NT)

Alter amount of NT released from axon terminal (ecstasy releases dopamine with low dose etc)

77
Q

Caffeine effect

A

Blocks glutamate which makes you tired, example of disinhibition

78
Q

Cholinergic

A

Having to do with acetylcholine (ACh)

Effect two major cholinergic receptors: muscarinic=metabotropic, nicotinic=ionotropic

79
Q

Three sites with no brain blood barrier

A

Pineal gland: chemicals for day-night cycles
Area postrema: entry of toxic substances to induce vomiting
Pituitary: allows entry of Chemicals that influence pituitary hormones

80
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Activates muscles
In central nervous system: enhances sensory perceptions when we wake up and in sustaining attention. Plasticity, arousal, reward.
One member family, similar to amino acid

81
Q

Capsaicin

A

Used as a way to deter abuse of certain drugs

82
Q

Catecholamine

A

Group containing epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and dopamine

83
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Monoamine neurotransmitter, responsible for reward-driven learning
-stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine act directly on dopamine system

84
Q

Enkephalin

A

There are lucine and methionine ones, met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin.
They are peptides
Regulates process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli

85
Q

GABA

A

Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system. An amino acid.

86
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory transmitter in the brain, major mediator of excitatory signals in mammalian central nervous system

87
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Free radical
Important biological regulator
A gas released by local neurons

88
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Stress hormone, attention Alertness, arousal and influences or reward system

89
Q

Prozac

A

Antidepressant that’s a serotonin reuptake inhibitor

90
Q

Serotonin

A

Known as 5-HT

91
Q

Substance P

A

A neuropeptide, Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Associated with inflammatory process and pain

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