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Brain and Behavior test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Tz

A

Means treatment

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1
Q

Sx

A

Means symptoms

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2
Q

Rs

A

Means receptors

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3
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • abnormal perception of reality
  • lucid and actively psychotic alternating
  • symptoms mid 20s
  • effects 1% of population
  • genes/environment, maternal-many theories about causes
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4
Q

Positive schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • delusions/false beliefs
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech (echolalia, tangential speech etc)
  • disorganized behavior (Catatonia)
  • disorganized thought
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5
Q

Negative schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • inappropriate/flat affect
  • alogia
  • avolition
  • anhedonia
  • in attention
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6
Q

Alogia

A

A poverty of speech

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7
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of motivation/apathy

-lack of personal hygiene

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8
Q

Anhedonia

A

Lack of interest in pleasurable activities

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9
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A
  • too much dopamine leads to positive symptoms

- too little dopamine related to negative symptoms

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10
Q

Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

A

Enlarged ventricles
-diffuse cortical atrophy
Gray matter loss

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11
Q

Schizophrenia treatments

A

Dopamine antagonists

  • block receptors
  • involuntary movements are side effects
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12
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Lip smacking, involuntary movements

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13
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Treatment of schizophrenia

- block dopamine receptors selectively

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14
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Used to treat schizophrenia, not clean drugs though

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15
Q

Affective disorders

A

Mood disorders

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16
Q

Mood disorders

A

Commonly co-morbid with other diseases, anxiety/depression overlap and meds overlap

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17
Q

Best Outcome for Mood Disorders

A

Medications and psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy

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18
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Relaxation techniques, challenging thoughts and increasing awareness, biofeedback, desensitization

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19
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Reactive to trauma, seasonal effective disorder, 5+ symptoms for at least 2 weeks

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20
Q

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

-depressed mood, anhedonia, change in appetite, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, change in sleep, less concentration, restlessness, fatigue, suicidal ideation

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21
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis for major depressive disorder

A

Low serotonin, abnormal beta

- drugs up serotonin

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22
Q

Antidepressants

A

Serotonin reputable inhibitors, block other neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Prozac

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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24
Q

Effexor

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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25
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Formerly manic depression, cycles of mania and depression

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26
Q

Treatment of bipolar disorder

A

Mood stabilizers- lithium, antipsychotic

  • elctroconvulsant therapy
  • psychotherapy
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27
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

Frequently comorbid with depression and treated with anti anxiety and anti depressives

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28
Q

GABA antagonists

A

Treat anxiety, sedating, barbiturates

Side effects- risk of death by respiratory depression when mixed with alcohol, anti-seizure drugs etc

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29
Q

Beta blockers

A

Reduce sympathetic nervous system arousal

-used to treat anti anxiety

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30
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Anxiety that is not localized to a single root but rather about daily events/activities for more than 6 months

Treatment: psychotherapy, benzodiazepines, Wellbutrin. With SSRIs

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31
Q

Specific Anxiety

A

Phobias, panic disorder

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32
Q

Phobias

A

Fear of specific object or idea

-treatment: systematic desensitization

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33
Q

Panic disorder

A

Characterized by panic attacks

  • sense of impending doom, sweating, chest pain
  • sometimes with agoraphobia
  • treatment: acute panic–> SSRIs and CBT
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34
Q

OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)

A
  • recurring thoughts
  • compulsions
  • ego-dystonic

Treatment: SSRIs with cognitive behavioral therapy

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35
Q

Obsessions

A

Intrusive, recurring thoughts

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36
Q

Compulsions

A

Behaviors done to stop obsession.

  • excessive cleaning because believing about contamination
  • doubt
  • symmetry- slow methodical performance
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37
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

Have insight the unreasonable-ness of distress and time consumption
- symptom of OCD

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38
Q

PTSD ( post traumatic stress disorder)

A
  • after direct threat or witnessing
    Symptoms: flashback, nightmare, avoidance, social detachment, flattened affect, exaggerated startle response
    Treatment: psychotherapy and SSRIs
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39
Q

Sites where no blood brain barrier

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, area postrema

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40
Q

Types of Senses

A

Auditory, mechanical, chemical and vision

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41
Q

Mechanical

A

Vestibular (balance), somatosensory (touch, pain, temp, pressure, body position)

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42
Q

Chemical

A

Taste, olfaction (smell), vomeronasal (detection of pheromones)

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43
Q

Detection of sense

A

Requires receptors specialized for that stimulus modality

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44
Q

Transduced

A

Changing from stimulus to language neurons can speak

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45
Q

Coding

A

Coding of senses

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46
Q

Transport of sensory Information

A

Information that goes from the periphery nervous system to the cortex (often via the thalamus)

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47
Q

Sound and the ear

A

Audition depends on ability to detect sound waves

-periodic compressions of air, water other

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48
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity of the sound wave

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49
Q

Loudness

A

Perception of the sound wave

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50
Q

Frequency

A

The number of compressions per second, measured in hertz (related to pitch)

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51
Q

Outer Ear

A

Includes the pinna, the structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of the head

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52
Q

Pinna

A

Part of outer ear that’s responsible for altering the reflection of sound waves into the middle ear from the outer ear
-helps us locate the source of the sound

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53
Q

Middle Ear

A

Contains tympanic membrane (ear drum) and three tiny bones

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54
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Ear drum, which vibrates at the same rate when struck by sound waves

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55
Q

Oval Window

A

Membrane in the inner ear, transmits waves through the viscous fluid of the inner ear

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56
Q

Inner Ear

A

Snail shaped structure called the cochlea, which contains three fluid - filled tunnels
-hair cells

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57
Q

Cochlea

A

Part of inner ear. Contains three fluid-filled tunnels

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58
Q

Hair Cells

A

Auditory receptors that lie between basilar membrane and tectorial membrane in the cochlea

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59
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Part of the cochlea, hairs between it and the tectorial membrane t

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60
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Hair cells between this and basilar membrane in the cochlea

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61
Q

How we hear:

A

Sound through auditory canal, strike drum and vibrations transmitted
Membranes caused to bend by waves, making cilia bend
Bend opens Ca+2 ion channels
Neurotransmitters released from hair cells, stimulates auditory nerve (part of 8th cranial nerve)
Neuronal impulses travel to auditory cortex

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62
Q

Primary Auditory cortex

A

Located in the superior temporal cortex

  • destination for most information from auditory system
  • place where auditory coding occurs
  • most info comes from opposite side ear
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63
Q

Damage to A1

A

Damage to primary auditory cortex doesn’t cause deafness unless it extends to sub cortical areas
-provides tonotopic map

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64
Q

Tonotopic Map

A

In auditory correct, shows which cells in primary auditory cortex (a1) are more responsive to preferred tones

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65
Q

Amusia

A

Tone deaf? Can’t tell tones, don’t detect wrong notes

Associated with thicker auditory context in right hemisphere but fewer connections from auditory to frontal cortex

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66
Q

Perfect Pitch

A

Absolute pitch, ability to hear a note and identify it

  • maybe generic
  • early and extensive musical training
  • more common among people who speak tonal languages
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67
Q

Two types of hearing loss

A

1) Conductive or middle ear deafness

2) nerve deafness or inner ear deafness

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68
Q

Conductive/middle ear deafness

A

When bones of middle ear fail to transmit sounds properly to cochlea
Caused by disease, infection, tumerous bone growth
-correct with surgery or hearing aids
-when normal, people hear their own voice clearly

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69
Q

Nerve or inner-ear deafness

A

Damage to cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve

  • vary in degree
  • can be confined to one area of cochlea leading people to hear only certain frequencies
  • inherited, prenatal problems or early childhood disorders
70
Q

Tinnitus

A
  • frequent/constant ringing in ears

- happens to people with nerve deafness or damage to cochlea

71
Q

Vestibular system

A

Respond to mechanical stimuli which indicate the position and movement of head
-balance

72
Q

Vestibular sensation

A

Directs compensation movement of the eye and helps to maintain balance

73
Q

Otoliths

A

Calcium carbonate particles that push against different hairs and excite them when head tilts
-in the vestibular system

74
Q

Vestibular canals

A

Three semicircular canals filled with jellylike substance and hair cells that are activated when head moves, action potentials travel to the brain stem and cerebellum

75
Q

Somatosensation

A

Sensation of the body and its movements.

-many sensations: touch, pressure, temperature, pain, itch, tickle and position and movement of joints

76
Q

Somatosensory receptors

A

Nociception-pain
Hapis- fine touch and pressure
Proprioception- location and movement of body

77
Q

Nociception

A

Perception of pain and temperature, one of three somatosensory receptors

78
Q

Hapis

A

Perception of objects that are grasped and manipulated or contact with the body, called perception of fine touch and pressure
-1 of 3 somatosensory receptors

79
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of the location and movement of the body

- 1 of 3 somatosensory receptors

80
Q

Auditory coding

A

Occurs in the auditory cortex

81
Q

Somatosensory transduction

A

Stimulation of receptors opens sodium channels to trigger an action potential

82
Q

Dermatome

A

The skin area connected to or inverted by a single sensory spinal nerve

83
Q

Touch receptors in head

A

Information from touch receptors in head enter the central nervous system through the cranial nerves

84
Q

Below the head touch

A

Information from receptors below the head enters the spinal cord and travel through the 31 spinal nerves to the brain

85
Q

Somatosensory input to brain

A

Specific pathways, dedicated to different sensations, transfer Neural info to brain via ascending ipsilateral pathway

86
Q

Ipsilateral pathway

A

The way neural info gets to the brain about somatosensory stimulation

87
Q

Pain

A

Somatosensory information, wide range (dull to sharp), harmful stimulus

Nociceptors respond to pain

88
Q

Nociceptors respond to:

A

Pain, as part of the somatosensory system

-Heat, cold, acids, etc

89
Q

Capsaicin

A

Something from papers that nociceptors feel

-when rubbed on sore joints produces temporary burning sensation which turns into decreased pain

90
Q

Axons and pain

A

Axons carrying pain information have little or no myelin, impulses travel slowly but brain responds quickly

91
Q

Mild pain

A

Triggers release of glutamate on the spinal cord

92
Q

Strong pain

A

Triggers release of glutamate and substance p

93
Q

Pain pathways

A
  • contra lateral to side of spine
  • go to somatosensory cortex for perception
  • go to limbus structure for emotional aspects of pain
94
Q

Opiates & Pain

A

Opiate receptors blocks the release of substance P in the spinal cord and in the periaqueductal gray areas of the midbrain

95
Q

Endorphins

A

Called endogenous morphines

Group of chemicals that attach to the same brain receptors as morphines

96
Q

Enkephalin

A

Interacts with pain in somatosensory system

This decreases substance p (pain) activity via presynaptic inhibition

97
Q

PAG

A

Periaqueductal grey

98
Q

Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

A

Electrical stim has pain stopping effects through endorphin-sensitive circuit

-interneurons inhibit incoming pain signals

99
Q

Gate Theory of Pain

A

Considers that spinal cord areas that receive messages from pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain
(Meaning no pain stimuli around pain can decrease the intensity)

100
Q

Placebo

A

Drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effect

Decreases pain anyway

101
Q

Cannabinoids

A

Chemicals related to marijuana that block certain kinds of pain in the periphery of the body

102
Q

Sensitization to Pain

A

Damaged or inflamed tissue are more sensitive because of histamine (nerve growth factor)
-anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the release of such chemicals

103
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Certain receptors become potentiated after really intense pain and respond more vigorously to stimulation

104
Q

Emotional Pain

A

Resembles physical pain

  • increased activity in the cingulate cortex when someone feels left out
  • taking Tylenol actually makes people report less social pain
105
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Severe chronic pain in the absence of recognizable pain stimulus

  • likely from pathology of nervous system linked to an injury
  • maybe aberrant glial cells triggering pain pathways
106
Q

Itch

A

Release of histamine a by the skin produces itching

  • has distinct neural pathway in the spinal cord to brain
  • impulses slow
  • itch or pain, not both
107
Q

Chemical senses

A

Each chemical stimulus excites several kinds of receptors

108
Q

Amount of olfactory receptors

A

Hundreds

109
Q

Pheromone receptor amount

A

Not olfactory, there are different ones

110
Q

Amount of taste receptors

A

Five different:

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami (MSG type salty)

111
Q

General issues about chemical coding

A

Each chemical excites several kinds of receptors, meaning response depends on context of responses by others (eg flavor= combination of taste and smell)

112
Q

Adaption of chemical senses

A

Reduced perception of stimuli due to fatigue of receptors (getting used to bad smell)

113
Q

Cross-adaptation

A

Chemical senses refers to reduced response to one stimuli after exposure to another

114
Q

Papillae

A

Structures on the surface of the tongue that contain the taste buds

  • 10 or more taste buds, each with 50 receptors, they’re modified skin cells
  • outside edge of tongue
115
Q

Transduction of salty

A

Neuron carries impulse from taste bud, salty allows sodium ions to pass through membrane and info passes to brain

116
Q

Sour sensory transduction

A

Neuron away from taste bud, causes close in k+ channels preventing it from leaving cell
(Depolarization)

117
Q

Sweet, bitter, umami sensory transduction

A

Activate metabotropic mechanisms

118
Q

Taste pathway

A

Different areas respond different ways, process taste info

  • somatosensory cortex responds to touch on tonge
  • insula is primary taste cortex
119
Q

Olfaction

A

Critical to most animals for food, mates, danger

Many different receptors, new receptors throughout life

120
Q

Olfactory System

A
  • receptors on cilia of neurons in nose
  • things that smell similar excite close areas on olfactory bulb,
  • coding in brain determines where is excited
121
Q

Sensory transduction in olfaction

A

Proteins in olfactory receptors respond to chemicals outside cell and trigger changes to G protein inside
-G protein triggers chemical activities that lead to action potentials

122
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

Axons of each olfactory cell joins with axons of other olfactory receptors and form this nerve

123
Q

Neural pathway of olfaction

A

Olfactory nerve carries neural info to olfactory bulb which projects via olfactory tract to the pyriform cortex near amygdala (close relationship for emotional aspects and smell)

124
Q

Coding of Olfaction

A

Occurs in the pyriform cortex

125
Q

Vomeronasal Organ (VNO)

A

Receptors located near, but separate from the olfactory receptors
(Tiny in human adults, but maintains their response to stimuli)

126
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals released by an animal that affect the behavior of other members of the same species

127
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of the same species

128
Q

Synesthesia

A

Experience of one sense in response to stimulation of different sense (bread tastes blue)

129
Q

Visual Coding Reception

A

Absorption of physical energy by receptors, requires photoreceptors because physical energy being received is light

130
Q

Visual coding and retinal receptors transduction

A

Done by Rods and comes which have the about to Change the photic energy into electrical energy

131
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of physical energy to an electrochemical pattern in the neurons

132
Q

Reception

A

Absorption of physical energy by receptors

133
Q

Coding

A

One to one correspondence between some aspect of the physical stimulus and some aspect of the nervous system

134
Q

Visual coding

A

Neural information occurs in the visual cortex

135
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Retinal ganglion cells send info to here in the midbrain, up to the thalamus, then to different areas of the cortex

136
Q

Anosmia

A

Can’t smell

137
Q

Aguesia

A

Can’t taste

138
Q

Amphetamine

A

Psychostimulat drug that increases wakefulness and focus

Effects reward systems

139
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

This actively terminates synaptic transmission

140
Q

Atropine

A

Naturally occurring drug, belladonna

141
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Sedative, sleep inducing, anti anxiety

-used to treat alcohol withdrawal

142
Q

Botox

A

Used to do lots of things, not just facials, treat muscle problems

143
Q

Caffeine

A

Works through disinhibition, gives energy

144
Q

Capcaisin

A

From peppers, used to help joint pain, burning sensation and then dulls pain

Causes the body to trigger an inflammatory response

145
Q

Cocaine

A

Stimulant

It’s a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

146
Q

Curare

A

Name for various poisons found in South America

Muscle relaxant, blocks acetylcholine receptors

147
Q

Endorphin

A

Peptides that function as neurotransmitters, causes feelings of exhilaration
-excitement, pain

Resemble opiates

148
Q

Enkephalin

A

They are endorphins

They bond to the body’s opioid receptors

149
Q

Haloperidol

A

Dopamine antagonist (opposite of), used in treatment of schizophrenia

150
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

They deactivate neurotransmitters

- without it, linked to many psychiatric disorders

151
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulant effect

Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the central nervous system nicotinic receptors

152
Q

Prozac

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Used to treat major depressive disorder

153
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

154
Q

SSNRI

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

-mood disorders, anxiety, OCD

155
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclic antidepressants - type of antidepressants that’s not used often, blocks serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter

156
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Control digestive system and other organs

157
Q

Skeletal/striated muscles

A

Control movement of the body in relation to the environment

158
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles, heart muscles

159
Q

Motor unit

A

Neuron and its innervated fibers

Axon can talk to many muscle fibers, but muscle fibers only talk to one axon

160
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neuron axon and muscle fiber

161
Q

Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

162
Q

Acetylcholine binding to muscle receptors

A

Causes ionotropic response which makes causes muscle contraction
(Muscle relaxing is no response)

163
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles

164
Q

Flexor muscle

A

A muscle that flexes or raises an appendage

165
Q

Extensor muscle

A

One that extends or straightens an appendage (ie triceps)

166
Q

Synergistic muscles

A

When muscles work together

167
Q

Fast twitch

A

Skeletal muscle fiber type
Fast contractions, fatigue rapidly
-anaerobic

168
Q

Anaerobic

A

Use reactions that do not require oxygen, resulting in muscle fatigue

169
Q

Slow twitch

A

Fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue

-aerobic

170
Q

Aerobic

A

Use oxygen

-no fatigue on muscles

171
Q

Muscle spindle proprioceptors

A

-receptors that detect position or movement, these in particular
Responds to a stretch, send message to spinal cord that results in contraction of muscle

172
Q

Golgi tendon organ proprioceptors

A

-receptors that detect position or movement, this in particular increase muscle tension, tendons at opposite ends of muscle, act as brakes against excessively vigorous contraction by sending impulse to spinal cord and inhibiting motor neurons

173
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Patellar tendon, type of stretch reflex
Stimulus: tapping tendon
Receptor: muscle spindle
Reaction: jerk knee, motor response

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