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PSYCHIATRY > Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

The 💡master control for the entire body and the 💡starting
point for virtually all behavior is probably one of the most complex and challenging topics for anyone to study.

Its myriad neurons dozens of chemical messengers and infinite interconnections provide the fascination that attracts neuroscientists to study it.

A

BRAIN

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2
Q

💡Front part of the brain; involved in 💡planning, 💡organizing, 💡problem solving, 💡selective attention, 💡personality and a variety of 💡”higher cognitive functions” including 💡behavior and emotions.

A

FRONTAL LOBE

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3
Q

It is called the 💡prefrontal cortex.

It is very important for the 💡higher cognitive functions and the 💡determination of the personality.

A

Anterior (Front) Portion

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4
Q

It consists of the 💡premotor and 💡motor areas.

A

Posterior (Back) Portion

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5
Q

Nerve cells that produce 💡movement are located in?

A

Motor areas

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6
Q

They serve to 💡modify movements

A

Premotor Areas

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7
Q

Parts of the Frontal Lobe

A 
Precentral Gyrus
Broca's Area
Supplementary Motor Area
Prefrontal area
Paracentral Lobule
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8
Q

Precentral Gyrus Function:

A

Motor cortex; contralateral movement - face, arm, leg, trunk

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9
Q

Precentral Gyrus Impairment

A

Monoplegia or hemiplegia (depending on extent of damage)

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10
Q

Broca’s Area Function

A

Dominant hemisphere - expressive center for speech.

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11
Q

Broca’s Area Impairment

A

(Inferior part of dominant frontal lobe)

- Results in Broca’s dysphasia

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12
Q

Supplementary Motor Area Function

A

Contralateral head and eye turning

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13
Q

Supplementary Motor Area Impairment

A

Paralysis of head and eye movement to opposite side.

Head turns towards diseased hemisphere and eyes look in the same direction.

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14
Q

Prefrontal Area Function

A

Personality, initiative

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15
Q

Prefrontal Area Impairement

A

Damage is often bilateral , change in personality with antisocial behavior/ loss of inhibitions.

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16
Q

Paracentral Lobule Function

A

Cortical inhibition of bowel and bladder voiding

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17
Q

Paracentral Lobule Impairment

A

Damage to posterior part of the superior frontal gyrus results in incontinence of urine and feces
Loss of cortical inhibition

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18
Q

3 Prefrontal Syndromes are recognized:

A

Orbitofrontal Syndrome (DISINHIBITED)
Frontal Convexity Syndrome (Apathetic)
Medial Frontal Syndrome (AKINETIC)

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19
Q

Orbitofrontal Syndrome (DISINHIBITED)

A 
Disinhibition, impulsive behavior
Poor Judgement
Emotional 
Lability 
Distractibility
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20
Q

Frontal Convexity Syndrome (Apathetic)

A

Apathy
Indifference
Poor abstract thought

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21
Q

Medial Frontal Syndrome (AKINETIC)

A

Akinetic
Incontinent
Sparse verbal output

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22
Q

One of the two parietal lobes of the brain located behind the frontal lobe at the top of the brain

A

PARIETAL LOBE

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23
Q

The non-dominant parietal lobe is important in the __ and the __.

A

Concept of body image

Awareness of the external environment

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24
Q

The ability to construct shapes, etc. results from such __.

A

Visual/proprioceptive skills

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25
Q

The dominant parietal lobe is implicate in the __.

A

Skills of handling numbers/calculation

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26
Q

It receives 💡afferent pathways for appreciation of 💡posture, 💡touch, and 💡passive movement.

A

Postcentral Gyrus (Granular Cortex)

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27
Q

It make up part of 💡Wernicke’s language area.

This is the 💡receptive area where 💡auditory and visual aspects of comprehension are integrated.

A

Supramarginal and Angular Gyri (dominant hemisphere)

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28
Q

-

A

Wernicke’s Area

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29
Q

The fibers of the 💡optic radiation (lower visual field) – pass deep through the parietal lobe.

A

The visual pathways

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30
Q

Disease of either dominant or non-dominant sensory
cortex (postcentral gyrus) will result in 💡contralateral
disturbance of cortical sensation:

A

Postural sensation disturbed

Sensation of passive movement disturbed

Discrimination between one and two points (normally 4mm on finger tips) is lost

Appreciation of size, shape, texture, and weight may be affected with difficulty in distinguishing coins placed in hand, etc. (astereognosis).

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31
Q

It is when 💡two stimuli, 💡one applied to each side (e.g.
light touch to the palm of the hand) simultaneously, the patient is 💡only aware of that one contralateral to the normal parietal lobe

As the 💡gap between application of stimuli is increased (approaching 2-4 seconds) the patient becomes aware of both

A

Perceptual rivalry (sensory inattention)

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32
Q

Damage to the optic radiation deep in the parietal lobe will produce a __.

A

Lower homonymous quadrantanopia

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33
Q

● It is important in the concept of 💡body image and the 💡awareness of the external environment.

● The ability to construct shapes etc. results from such visual/proprioceptive skills.

A

Non-dominant PARIETAL LOBE

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34
Q

Non-dominant PARIETAL LOBE Impairment

A

● No longer aware of opposite limbs- even when densely hemiparetic; denies weakness- 💡Anosognosia
● Difficulty in dressing, e.g. getting arms into pajamas- 💡Dressing Apraxia
● Disturbance of geographical memory- 💡Geographical Agnosia (e.g.
patient cannot find his bed in ward)
● Cannot copy geometrical pattern- 💡Constructional Apraxia.

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35
Q

● It is implicated in the skills of 💡handling numbers/ calculation.

A

Dominant PARIETAL LOBE

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36
Q

Dominant PARIETAL LOBE Impairment

A

● GERSTMANN’S SYNDROME
● Finger Agnosia
● Acalculia
● Agraphia

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37
Q

Confusion of 💡right and left limbs

A

GERSTMANN’S SYNDROME

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38
Q

Difficulty in distinguishing💡fingers on hand

A

Finger Agnosia

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39
Q

Disturbance of 💡calculation

A

Acalculia

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40
Q

Disturbance of 💡writing

A

Agraphia

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41
Q

Help in sorting new information and are believed to be responsible for 💡short-term memory

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

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42
Q

💡Verbal memory (i.e., memory for words and names)

A

Left TEMPORAL LOBE

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43
Q

💡Visual memory (i.e., memory for pictures and faces)

A

Right TEMPORAL LOBE

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44
Q

It lies on the 💡upper surface of the superior temporal gyrus, 💡buried in the lateral sulcus (Heschl’s gyrus)

A

Auditory Cortex

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45
Q

It is important in the 💡hearing of language

A

Auditory Cortex (dominant hemisphere)

46
Q

It is important in the 💡hearing of sounds, rhythm, and music.

A

Auditory Cortex (non-dominant hemisphere)

47
Q

Close to the auditory cortex labyrinthine function is represented

A

True

48
Q

Auditory Cortex Impairment

A

Cortical Deafness
Auditory hallucinations
may occur in temporal lobe disease

49
Q

Lesions which involve surrounding association
areas may result in 💡difficulty in hearing spoken words (dominant) or 💡difficulty in appreciating rhythm/music (nondominant)

A

AMUSIA

50
Q

They are concerned with 💡learning and memory

A

Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri

51
Q

Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri Impairment

A

Disturbance of memory/learning

Disordered memory may occur in complex partial seizures either after the
vent – postictal amnesia – or in the event – déjà vu, jamais vu

52
Q

-

A

Déjà vu

53
Q

-

A

Jamais vu

54
Q

Limbic Lobe

A

The inferior and medial portions of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus

55
Q

The 💡sensation of olfaction is mediated through this structure as well as 💡emotional / affective behavior

A

Limbic Lobe/ System

56
Q

They pass 💡deep in the temporal lobe around the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

A

Visual Pathways

57
Q

Visual Pathways Impairment

A

Homonymous quadrantanopia

Wernicke’s dysphasia.

58
Q

Damage to the 💡optic radiation will produce an __.

A

Homonymous quadrantanopia

59
Q

Dominant hemisphere lesions are associated with __

A

Wernicke’s dysphasia

60
Q

The main function is, to 💡control the perception of vision.

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Mnemonics: occipital- ocular (Eye)

61
Q

The visual cortex lies along the pathway of __ also called as __ due to highly striated appearance.

A

“Calcarine Sulcus”

“Striate cortex”

62
Q

Partial loss of vision

A

Cortical blindness

63
Q

2 types Cortical blindness:

A

Congenital

Acquired

64
Q

It is due to 💡perinatal stoke in baby (usually during labor or a week after birth)

A

Congenital Cortical blindness

65
Q

It is due to the 💡loss of blood supply to occipital lobe.

A

Acquired Cortical blindness

66
Q

Migraine -> due to occipital lobe -> visual hallucinations

A

Migraine -> due to occipital lobe -> visual hallucinations

67
Q

Also in Epilepsy when seizure source on occipital cortex.

A

Also in Epilepsy when seizure source on occipital cortex.

68
Q

The objects seems 💡different from actually it is

A

Illusion

69
Q

The 💡false perception of absent thing

A

Hallucination

70
Q

The objects appear 💡smaller than they are.

A

Micropsia

71
Q

The objects appear 💡larger than they are

A

Macropsia

72
Q

💡Unable to recognize faces (even oneself), naming of objects, match colors.

A

Prosopagnosia

73
Q

The lower extension of the brain where it 💡connects to the spinal cord.

It is the 💡pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.

A

BRAIN STEM

74
Q

BRAIN STEM Function

A

For survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure)

For arousal (being awake and alert)

75
Q

Most of the __ come from the brainstem.

A

Cranial nerves

76
Q

It contains the 💡respiratory, 💡vasomotor and 💡cardiac centers, as well as many mechanisms for 💡controlling reflex activities such as 💡coughing, 💡gagging, 💡swallowing and 💡vomiting.

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

77
Q

MEDULLA OBLONGATA Function:

A

Functions primarily as a relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord and the brain.

78
Q

It is a 💡bridge-like structure which 💡links different parts of the brain and serves as a 💡relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain.

It contains the 💡respiratory center.

A

PONS

79
Q

It serves as the 💡nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres and contains 💡auditory and 💡visual reflex centers.

A

MIDBRAIN

80
Q

MIDBRAIN contains centers for:

A

Postural reflexes

Righting reflexes

81
Q

It concerned with the 💡position of the head in relation to the trunk and with the 💡adjustments of the extremities and the eyes to the position of the head

A

Postural reflexes

82
Q

It concerned with the 💡orientation of the head in space

A

Righting reflexes

83
Q

MIDBRAIN

Two major ascending dopaminergic pathways:

A

Nigrostriatal Pathway

Mesolimbic Pathway

84
Q

Fibers arising from the💡substantia nigra and

travelling to the 💡neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

A

Nigrostriatal Pathway

85
Q

Positive Symptoms

Fibers that arise from the💡ventral tegmental area of
the midbrain and ascend to the frontal and 💡limbic regions of the forebrain

A

Mesolimbic Pathway

86
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Mesocortical Pathway

87
Q

Prolactin function

A

Tubulo-infundibular Pathway

88
Q

Eating disorder

A

Hypothalamic Pathway

89
Q

The antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic agents are

mediated by __ in the mesolimbic pathways

A

Postsynaptic dopamine blockade

90
Q

BRAIN STEM Parts:

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MIDBRAIN

91
Q
  • A functional component of 💡reticular formation.
  • It includes 💡centrally located areas of the brain stem from the caudal medulla to the diencephalons.
  • It receives input from 💡all sensory pathways.
A

RETUCULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

92
Q

Function of RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

A
  • Cortical arousal and reception of stimuli
    o Arousal: establishment and maintenance of an awake state.
  • Important in sleep, attention, memory, and habituation (gradual adaptation to a stimulus)
93
Q

Composed of both 💡cortical and 💡subcortical tissues

Closely associated with the temporal and frontal lobes
and the ANS

Shell shaped

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

94
Q

It is involved in the control of many 💡vegetative functions (e.g. regulation of body temperature, thirst, hunger)

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM FUNCTION:

A

Elaboration of impulses to and from higher cortical centers

Important role in mediating 💡emotions

96
Q

DYSFUNCTIONS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM:

A
  • Irritative lesions associated with psychomotor seizures
  • Hippocampal lesions can result in memory deficits
  • Dysrhythmia (seizure-like activity) in LS may be associated with episodic psychoses
97
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM PARTS:

A 
Hippcampus Subiculum
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Septum 
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus
98
Q

💡Learning and memory

Sends hippocampal input on to the cortex

A

Hippcampus Subiculum

99
Q

Tract from hippocampus to the hypothalamus (some fibers tot the thalamus),. 💡tying cortical input to the autonomic and endocrine systems

A

Fornix

100
Q

💡Receives input from tha hippocampus, amygdala, and brain stem. Projects reciprocally and also to the spinal cord and pituitary. Regulates the 💡physiologic correlates of emotion. It is also important for 💡water and 💡weight balance, 💡reproduction, and 💡growth

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Receives input from the 💡mammillothalamic tract and 💡fornix and 💡projects to cingulate cortex, providing a 💡key connection between hypothalamus and cortex.

A

Anterior nuclei of the thalamus

102
Q

💡Connects to hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.

A

Septum

103
Q

💡Recieves input from the hypothalamus, locus ceruleus, and substantia nigra and 💡projects to the cortex, striatum, and many limbic structures.
💡Modulates hypothalamic function and has a 💡role in the integration of emotional behavioral, and autonomic responses.

A

Amygdala

104
Q

Projects to the hippocampus through the 💡entorhinal cortex, completing the circuit that starts at the hippocampus.
💡Helps regulate emotion and pain
Response to 💡unpleasant experiences.
💡Prediction or avoidance of negative consequences, an important feature of memory

A

Cingulate Gyrus

105
Q

These are primarily used to include and exclude organic factors that could be contributing to psychiatric symptomatology.

A

Brain Imaging Studies

106
Q

Brain Imaging Techniques

A 
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
107
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) key features:

A

Detection of intracranial mass lesions, intracranial calcification, skull fracture

108
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) key features:

A

Coronal, sagittal, transverse images for detection of subtle lesions including tumors, strokes and demyelinization…

109
Q

Measures regional cerebral blood flow.

Assessment of stroke and in discriminating Alzheimer’s Disease from multi-infarct dementia

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

110
Q

Measures localized metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose utilization.
Research tool with superior image resolution

A

Positron Emission Topography (PET)

111
Q

Assess seizure activity measure of brain electrical activity

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

PSYCHIATRY (2 decks)

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