Brain anatomy Flashcards
medulla, ydinjatke
The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of :
- breathing
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- sleep wake cycle
tectum, keskiaivojen katto
responsible for
- auditory
- visual reflexes
pons, aivosilta
-neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.
tegmentum, keskiaivojen peite
It is a multisynaptic network of neurons that is involved in many subconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways.
midbrain, keskiaivot
portion of the central nervous system associated with -vision -hearing -motor control -sleep/wake -arousal (alertness) -temperature regulation The principal regions of the midbrain are the tectum, the cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles.
Cerebral peduncle, isoaivovarsi
front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons and contain
- the large ascending (sensory) nerve
- descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons.
- everything in the midbrain except the tectum.
Cerebral aqueduct, Sylviuksen akvedukti
It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
hypothalamus
regulation of certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system: controls -body temperature -hunger -important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours - thirst -fatigue -sleep -circadian rhythms
thalamus
- sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex
- regulation of consciousness
- sleep
- alertness
pineal gland, käpyrauhanen
produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles
Cerebellum, pikkuaivot
-motor control
does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity.
optic chiasm
optic nerves partially cross
olfactory bulb, hajukäämi
sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala
fornix
C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibres to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon(väliaivot) and basal forebrain(basaaliset etuaivot). The fornix is part of the limbic system
Diencephalon, väliaivot
t consists of structures that are on either side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus.
basal forebrain, basaaliset etuaivot
These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine,
cingulate gyrus, pihtipoimu
A component of the limbic system, it is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation. It also helps to regulate autonomic motor function.
corpus callosum, aivokurkiainen
It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain
hippocampus
mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation(yhdistäminen) of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation.
Amygdala, mantelitumake
primary role in the processing of
-memory
-decision-making
-emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression)
the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.
spinal cavity
is the cavity that contains the spinal cord
ventricular system
four interconnected ventricles)in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.
lateral ventricle
two largest cavities
- contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Each cerebral hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle, known as the left or right ventricle, respectively.
- C-shaped structure that begins at an inferior horn in the temporal lobe, travels through a body in the parietal lobe and frontal lobe, and ultimately terminates at the interventricular foramina where each lateral ventricle connects to the single, central third ventricle.
Cranial nerves
nerves that emerge directly from the brain, Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.
optic nerve
transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
Olfactory bulb, hajukäämi
It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala
optic tract
It is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.
composed of two individual tracts, the left optic tract and the right optic tract, each of which conveys visual information exclusive to its respective contralateral half of the visual field.
Mammillary body, nisälisäkkeet
pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system. Maybe part of hypothalamus?
superior colliculus, yläkukkulat
- The superior colliculus/optic tectum forms a major component of the midbrain.
- The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (“body-centered”) space. Each layer contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space.
Inferior colliculus, alakukkulat
principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway
cerebral peduncle, isoaivovarsi
This pontocerebellar tract provides an important connection between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
The cerebral peduncles are structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons and contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons.
