Brain anatomy

Question 1

medulla, ydinjatke

Answer 1

The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of :

• breathing
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• sleep wake cycle

Question 2

tectum, keskiaivojen katto

Answer 2

responsible for

• auditory
• visual reflexes

Question 3

pons, aivosilta

Answer 3

-neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.

Question 4

tegmentum, keskiaivojen peite

Answer 4

It is a multisynaptic network of neurons that is involved in many subconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways.

Question 5

midbrain, keskiaivot

Answer 5

portion of the central nervous system associated with 
-vision
-hearing
-motor control
-sleep/wake
-arousal (alertness)
-temperature regulation
The principal regions of the midbrain are the tectum, the cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles.

Question 6

Cerebral peduncle, isoaivovarsi

Answer 6

front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons and contain

• the large ascending (sensory) nerve
• descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons.
• everything in the midbrain except the tectum.

Question 7

Cerebral aqueduct, Sylviuksen akvedukti

Answer 7

It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

regulation of certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system:
controls 
-body temperature
-hunger
-important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours
- thirst
-fatigue
-sleep
-circadian rhythms

Question 9

thalamus

Answer 9

• sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex
• regulation of consciousness
• sleep
• alertness

Question 10

pineal gland, käpyrauhanen

Answer 10

produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

Question 11

Cerebellum, pikkuaivot

Answer 11

-motor control
does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity.

Question 12

optic chiasm

Answer 12

optic nerves partially cross

Question 13

olfactory bulb, hajukäämi

Answer 13

sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala

Question 14

fornix

Answer 14

C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibres to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon(väliaivot) and basal forebrain(basaaliset etuaivot). The fornix is part of the limbic system

Question 15

Diencephalon, väliaivot

Answer 15

t consists of structures that are on either side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus.

Question 16

basal forebrain, basaaliset etuaivot

Answer 16

These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine,

Question 17

cingulate gyrus, pihtipoimu

Answer 17

A component of the limbic system, it is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation. It also helps to regulate autonomic motor function.

Question 18

corpus callosum, aivokurkiainen

Answer 18

It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain

Question 19

hippocampus

Answer 19

mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation(yhdistäminen) of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation.

Question 20

Amygdala, mantelitumake

Answer 20

primary role in the processing of
-memory
-decision-making
-emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression)
the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.

Question 21

spinal cavity

Answer 21

is the cavity that contains the spinal cord

Question 22

ventricular system

Answer 22

four interconnected ventricles)in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.

Question 23

lateral ventricle

Answer 23

two largest cavities

• contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• Each cerebral hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle, known as the left or right ventricle, respectively.
• C-shaped structure that begins at an inferior horn in the temporal lobe, travels through a body in the parietal lobe and frontal lobe, and ultimately terminates at the interventricular foramina where each lateral ventricle connects to the single, central third ventricle.

Question 24

Cranial nerves

Answer 24

nerves that emerge directly from the brain, Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.

Question 25

optic nerve

Answer 25

transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

Question 26

Olfactory bulb, hajukäämi

Answer 26

It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala

Question 27

optic tract

Answer 27

It is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.
composed of two individual tracts, the left optic tract and the right optic tract, each of which conveys visual information exclusive to its respective contralateral half of the visual field.

Question 28

Mammillary body, nisälisäkkeet

Answer 28

pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain that, as part of the diencephalon, form part of the limbic system. Maybe part of hypothalamus?

Question 29

superior colliculus, yläkukkulat

Answer 29

• The superior colliculus/optic tectum forms a major component of the midbrain.
• The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (“body-centered”) space. Each layer contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space.

Question 30

Inferior colliculus, alakukkulat

Answer 30

principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway

Question 31

cerebral peduncle, isoaivovarsi

Answer 31

This pontocerebellar tract provides an important connection between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
The cerebral peduncles are structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the front of the pons and contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons.