Brain Flashcards
What are the functions of the brainstem?
Transmits nerve fibers via ascending and descending tracts
Contains cranial nerve nuclei
Integrates
The superior colliculi are associated with ________ and the inferior colliculi are associated with ________.
Vision, auditory
The cerebellum’s main function is ________.
Coordinating fine movement
The cerebellum is also responsible for what other functions?
Balance and equilibrium
Muscle tone
Learning motor behaviors
Cognition
The diencephalon is composed of the ________ and ________.
Thalamus, hypothalamus
The main function of the thalamus is to act as a ________.
Relay center for motor and sensory input/output
The hypothalamus is directly linked to the ________ system.
Endocrine
The medial geniculate body is associated with which colliculus?
Inferior
The lateral geniculate body is associated with which colliculus?
Superior
What are the limbic structures and what are they associated with?
Hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb
Emotions and memory
Which two basal ganglia create the striatum? What are the other basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
Globus pallidus, accumbens nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
What are the basal ganglia responsible for?
Movement control
What is the insular lobe responsible for?
Consciousness
What are the subdivisions of the frontal lobe and what are they responsible for?
Precentral gyrus (4): primary motor
Superior and middle frontal gyrus (6): premotor/supplementary motor
Superior frontal (middle) gyrus (8): frontal eye field
Inferior frontal gyrus (44,45 - Broca’s area): speech production
What is the insular cortex’s Brodmann’s number and what are its functions?
16
Integrates pain, taste, emotion, cognition
What are the subdivisions of the parietal lobe and what are their functions?
Postcentral gyrus (3,1,2): primary somatosensory
Superior parietal lobule (5,7): somatosensory association
Angular gyrus (39): recognition of visual symbols
Supramarginal gyrus (40): integrates auditory commands
________ parietal cortex damage resulting in the patient neglecting the left half of the world is known as ________.
Right, contralateral neglect syndrome
What are the subdivisions of the temporal lobe and what are their functions?
Superior temporal gyrus - posterior portion (22 - Wernicke’s area): comprehension of speech
Transverse temporal gyrus (41,42): primary auditory
What are the subdivisions of the occipital lobe and what are their functions?
Banks of the calcarine sulcus (17): primary visual
Surrounding 17 (18,19): visual association area
What are the three main types of cortical connections?
Projection fibers - connect cerebral cortex with subcortical nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord
Commissural fibers - connect right and left hemispheres
Association fibers - connect regions within same hemisphere
Olfactory structures and the temporal cortices are connected by the ________.
Anterior commissure
Wernicke’s area (22) and Broca’s area (44,45) are a good example of _________ fibers connecting within one hemisphere.
Association
In aphasia, 96% of cases occur in the ________ hemisphere.
Left
Broca’s aphasia is characterized by a patient whose speech is ________ but has normal comprehension.
Broken
Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by a patient whose ________ is impaired but can speak fluently.
Comprehension
The internal carotid supplies the ________ and ________.
Anterior cerebrum, diencephalon
The Vertebral-basilar arteries supply the ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Posterior cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord
The ________ are small perforating arteries of the the middle cerebral artery and supply the ________.
Lenticulostriate arteries, basal ganglia
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is associated with ________ disorders.
Movement
A stroke caused by an obstruction leading to necrosis of the tissue downstream is known as an ________ stroke.
Ischemic
A stroke caused by a rupture of small perforating arteries is known as a ________ stroke.
Hemorrhagic
A ________ is an area between a region of permanent tissue damage and a salvageable region.
Penumbra
A balloon like swelling of arterial walls that usually occurs at a bifurcation is known as an ________.
Aneurysm
An ________ is a congenital malformation of the arteries and veins within the brain.
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
A necrotic region of tissue in the brain is known as an ________.
Infarct
