BP, HTN, RENAL meds Flashcards
PBT2 quiz 2
HTN is called the silent killer. Why?
a. A lot of people don’t know they have it and it causes a lot of damage
b. It causes kidney damage and other organ damage
c. It puts you at risk for diabetes
d. High blood pressure can kill you.
e. It’s not a silent killer if your heart explodes.
a. A lot of people don’t know they have it and causes a lot of damage.
True or false:
The only artery carrying oxygenated blood is the pulmonary artery.
False
All arteries except the pulmonary artery (it is carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs) carry oxygenated blood.
BP = CO x TPR
What are the 2 components of CO?
Rewrite the eqn for BP.
CO = SV x HR
BP = SV x HR x TPR
SVR = TPR. What does SVR stand for?
SVR = systemic vascular resistance
What is TVR?
Total Vascular Resistance
-the total resistance the heart must pump against (=DBP)
What equation defines TPR?
Poiseuille-Hagen formula
Which section of the vascular tree is thickest?
a. Capillaries
b. Lymphatic
c. Large vessels
d. Small vessels
e. Arterioles
c. Large vessels
- large vessels are thick to withstand the high pressure they are exposed do when the heart pumps out blood
True or False:
Large vessels are the target when trying to decrease TPR
False
-Arterioles are the target when trying to decrease TPR because they regulate systemic blood pressure.
True or False:
As vessel diameter gets smaller so too does pressure
True
-Pressure decreases as you go from arteries to arterioles to capillaries
Arteries have which of the following layers: (select all that apply)
a. Endothelial layer
b. Smooth muscle layer
c. Fibroblast layer
d. Cholesterol layer
e. Sinusoidal layer
a, b, and c
- Arteries have an endothelial layer, large smooth muscle layer, and a fibroblast layer
- the other two layers are made up
Arterioles have all of the following layers except: (select all that apply)
a. Endothelial layer
b. Smooth muscle layer
c. Fibroblast layer
d. Cholesterol layer
e. Sinusoidal layer
c, d, and e
- Arterioles have a few layers of smooth muscle and one layer of endothelial cells
- Only arteries have a fibroblast layer
- the other 2 are made up
Of the three types of capillary endothelial cells, which is considered to be standard, which is associated with the endocrine system, and which is found in bone marrow?
- Continuous capillaries are the standard and are permeable
- Fenestrated capillaries has small slits for diffusion and are associated with the endocrine system
- Sinusoidal capillaries have large holes for cells to pass through and is found in bone marrow
Define each coefficient:
Fluid Filtration = 𝐾𝑓[(𝑃𝑐 −𝑃𝑖𝑓)−𝜎(Π𝑐 −Π𝑖𝑓)]
Which factors dictate fluid movement?
𝐾𝑓= permeability coefficient
𝑃𝑐 = hydrostatic pressure in capillaries = BP
𝑃𝑓 = hydrostatic pressure for interstitial fluid
Π is oncotic pressure (proteins)
𝜎 is a “correction” factor that will vary
-BP (𝑃𝑐) and density of proteins in the blood (Π𝑐) dictate fluid movement
True or False:
Driving pressure increases as blood flows through a capillary from the arterial side to the venous side. This action drives the exchange of O2 and nutrients for CO2 and other waste products.
False
-Driving pressure decreases as blood flows through a capillary from the arterial side to the venous side. This action drives the exchange of O2 and nutrients for CO2 and other waste products.
The kidney is divided into 2 sections, the cortex and the medulla, which section contains the glomeruli and which contains the collecting ducts?
- The cortex contains the glomeruli
- The medulla contains the collecting ducts
Blood flows into the glomerulus through the _______ and leaves through the _______.
In: afferent arteriole
Out: efferent arteriole
All of the following happen when the macula densa senses high [Cl-] except: (select all that apply)
a. ATP is released and undergoes a series of steps to make adenosine
b. Afferent arteriole constricts
c. Renin is released by JG cells in response to Adenosine binding to A1 receptor
d. Afferent arteriole dilates
e. GFR will increase
Answer: c, d, and e
- High [Cl-] in MD is interpreted as “GFR is too fast!”
- MD induces ATP release.
- ATP undergoes a series of steps to make adenosine
- Adenosine binds to A1 receptors in afferent arterioles which causes constriction.
- Binding to A1 receptors on JG cells inhibits renin release
- Adenosine bind to A2 receptors in the efferent arteriole to cause dilation
- GFR will decrease
Low NaCl in the MD initiates a _________ mediated signal cascade resulting in the production of _______ which binds to JG cells that will _________ renin. GFR will __________.
- NKCC2
- PGE2 / prostaglandin
- Release
- Increase
Which part of the nephron absorbs most of the solutes?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal tubule
d. Collecting duct
a. Proximal tubule
Which part of the nephron acts a counter current exchange?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal tubule
d. Collecting duct
b. Loop of Henle
Which part of the nephron is more associated with hormonal control and Ca2+ handling?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal tubule
d. Collecting duct
c. Distal tubule
True or False:
Water and NaCl are absorbed through the descending limb of the Loop of Henle.
False
- The descending limb is permeable to water but not NaCl
- The ascending limb actively transports Na+ and Cl- but not water.
Which part of the nephron is the site of new bicarbonate generation?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal tubule
d. Collecting duct
d. Collecting duct
When urine is less concentrated, the concentration of vasopressin is _______.
Low
- Vasopressin (ADH) will lead to expression of aquaporin on the cell membrane of the luminal side of the collecting duct which will lead to more water reabsorption and more concentrated urine. When ADH is low, there is less water reabsorption –> urine is less concentrated.
