bowel elimn

Question 1

What is the GI system

Answer 1

structure that allows the ingestion of food and absorption of nutrients and, ultimately, the elimination of waste.

Question 2

the purpose of the GI tract is

Answer 2

break down the ingested food into absorbable forms
absorb fluid and nutrients,
prepare food for both absorption and use by the body’s cells
provide temporary storage of feces.

Question 3

structure of mucosal and muscle of the GI tract

Answer 3

layers are innervated by the intrinsic enteric nervous system comprising sensory, inter neuronal, and motor fibres.

Question 4

the beginning organs for digestion

Answer 4

mouth, esophagus and stomach

Question 5

the ending organs for digestion

Answer 5

duodenum, jejunum ileum

the cecum, colon, and rectum eliminate waste

Question 6

the GI tract also function as a

Answer 6

absorption of water
breakdown of nutrients
storage for nutrients

Question 7

peristaltic contractions

Answer 7

propels the bolus into the stomach.

Peristaltic contractions relax over the bolus and contract behind the bolus, thus moving contents through the length of the GI tract.

Question 8

stomach main purpose

Answer 8

storage of swallowed food and liquid,

mixing of food with liquid and gastric digestive juices,

the controlled emptying of its contents through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine.

Question 9

two key GI hormones

Answer 9

gastrin and ghrelin

Question 10

Ghrelin

Answer 10

releasing activity and stimulates food intake and digestion while reducing energy expenditures.

Question 11

what kind of muscle lines the esophogus

Answer 11

smooth peristaltic muscle

Question 12

how is parstalis affected by age

Answer 12

age slows the contractions and reduces frequency

Question 13

factors affecting bowel elimination

Answer 13

age
diet
physical activity 
toilet position
pregnancy
surgery/anaesthesia 
psychological factors
infection 
fluid intake
personal habits
pain/meds

Question 14

alteration in bowel elimination

Answer 14

constipation
fecal impaction
diarrhea
fecal incon
flatulence
hemorrhoids/fissures

Question 15

way to document/asses stool

Answer 15

Bristol stool assessment

Question 16

psychological considerations of an ostomy/stoma

Answer 16

change in appearance
body image
nurses need to be aware of own reaction

Question 17

enemas

Answer 17

last resort to cure constipation/fecal impaction
different kinds;
tap water
normal saline
hypertonic
soapsuds
oil retention
medicated

Question 18

colon function

Answer 18

absorption, secretion, and elimination.

Each day, a large volume of water and significant amounts of sodium and chloride are absorbed by the colon

Question 19

normal defecation

Answer 19

should be painless resulting in smooth, slippery stool

Question 20

Valsalva manoeuvre

Answer 20

voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway.

should be avoided for those who have heart/lung problems
can lead to a heart attack

Question 21

normal bowel sounds

Answer 21

normal bowel sounds every 5 to 15 seconds and last from 1 sec to a few secs

Question 22

High-pitched and hyperactive bowel sounds

Answer 22

35 or more sounds per minute) occur when the small intestine is obstructed or when inflammatory disorders are present

Question 23

screening for colon cancer risk factors

Answer 23

Older than 50 years of age
• Family history of colorectal cancer (particularly parent, child, or sibling)
• History of inflammatory bowel disease 
• High-fat and low-fibre diet
• Obesity
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Smoking
• Physically inactive

Question 24

warning signs to screen for colon cancer

Answer 24

Unexplained change in bowel patterns
• Rectal bleeding
• Unexplained weight loss
• Urgent need to empty bowel
• Unexplained stool incontinence

Question 25

screening tests

Answer 25

Fecal occult blood test at least every 2 years after age 50

• If patient has family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relative or has symptoms, colonoscopy

Question 26

order in which laxatives should be given

Answer 26

last resort, should use in step wise order
first bulk-forming laxatives, followed by stool softeners, osmotics, stimulants, suppositories, and enemas as a last resort.

Question 27

oxygen safety factors

Answer 27

do not use oxy near open flames

do not store near radiator/heat

all smoking material banned
do not lube o2 equipment with oil or petroleum jelly
do not use aresol cans

Question 28

teaching strategies for oxy health promotion

Answer 28

Explain to the patient about modifying risk factors, such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, being attentive to sugar intake etc

Inform the patient about other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, and oral contraceptives.

Discuss with the patient the importance of regular blood pressure and blood cholesterol monitoring

• Educate the patient about the benefits of exercising 30–60 minutes

Question 29

health promotion for oxygen/breathing

Answer 29

vaccinations (flu shots)
healthy lifestyles
environmental pollutants

Question 30

dypenea

Answer 30

pharmacological measures, oxygen therapy, physical techniques, and psychosocial techniques—are implemented

Question 31

airway maintenance

Answer 31

The airway is patent when the trachea, bronchi, and large airways are free from obstructions

Question 32

humidification

Answer 32

Humidification is the process of adding water to gas.

Humidification is necessary for patients receiving oxygen therapy at >4 L/minute.

Question 33

nebulization

Answer 33

Nebulization is a process of adding moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air

Question 34

partial re breather

Answer 34

40 to 70% with a minimum flow rate of 10 L/minute

Question 35

non rebreather mask

Answer 35

60 to 80% with a minimum flow rate of 10 L/minute

Question 36

venturi mask

Answer 36

24 to 60% with oxygen flow rates of 4 to 12 L/minute,

Question 37

nasal cannula

Answer 37

a flow rate of up to 6 L/minute