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SF exam > Bowditch > Flashcards

Bowditch Flashcards

1
Q

This chapter makes the unrealistic assumption (at least in the merchant fleet) that “a good piloting team is expected to take and plot a position every three minutes” Be that as it may ( or may not be) an electric chart system can take and plot ________ fixes per minute and do so at a standard accuracy _________ times that of a good piloting team

A

60 per minute and 10 times ( 1 magnitude usually regarded as 10 times)

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2
Q

What is the difference between an “official chart” and an unofficial chart”

A

An “official chart” is produced by a government hydrographic office. An unofficial chart is produced by a private company and does not necessarily meet the same standards as one issued by HO.

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3
Q

An Electronic chart system ___________

A

is produced by a commercial rather than a government agency

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4
Q

The acronym ECDIS stands for _____________

A

Electronic Chart Display and Information System

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5
Q

What is the difference between an EC and an ENC

A

An ENC is an electronic chart is issued by a national hydrographic office and is designed to meet the regulatory requirements for chart carriage. An electronic chart is a digitized chart designed for display on a computerized navigation system.

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6
Q

Is the raster-navigation chart (RNC) an official chart

A

YES

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7
Q

Given two files of an area, which would be the smaller- raster or the vector?

A

Vector

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8
Q

Which requires more computer power- a relative display of an electronic chart or a true display of an electronic chart?

A

Relative

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9
Q

Is radar required to be integrated with ECDIS

A

NO

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true
A. Only an ECDIS can replace a paper chart
B. Raster chart data is a digitized picture of a chart and is comprised of millions of picture elements
C. Requirements for carriage of charts are found in SOLAS chapter IV
D. The specifications for ECDIS are based on standards set by IMO,IHO, and IEC.

A

C (SOLAS chapter V)

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11
Q

Which of the following is not a specification in the IMO performance standards for ECDIS
A. Protect chart data from any altercation
B. Require north-up, true motion and relative motion modes
C. Identify selectable discrepancy between primary and secondary position systems.
D. Record the track for the entire voyage with atleast four hour time tracks

A

B ( Permits but does not require relative motion mode)

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12
Q

Certain standards must be met before an IMO- compliant ECDIS can replace paper charts on vessels governed by SOLAS regulations. These standards include __________

A
  1. the route of the intended coverage must be covered completely by ENC Data
  2. The ENC data must include the latest updates
  3. the ECDIS installation must be IMO-compliant including the master slave network with full sensor feed to both units
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13
Q

A vessel has been provided with a type-approved ECDIS. Using EC data in the dual-network installation required by the ECDIS, will this vessel be required to carry a corrected portfolio of paper charts

A

YES

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14
Q 
Which body has issued guidelines on ECS?
A. IHO
B. IEO
C. IMO
D. RTCM
A

D

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. ECS is designed to read and display the S-57 format
B. An ECDIS may not operate in the ECS mode when using raster charts
C. ECDIS can function in an RCDS mode using official raster data in conjunction with an appropriate portfolio of corrected paper charts

A

C

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16
Q

An ECDIS display indicates a depth as “18.3”. What is the depth?

A

60 feet

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17
Q

Which of the following would not be an appropriate unit of measure for ECDIS
A. a distance of 9.2 miles
B. a height of 6.4 meters
C. A depth of 16.2 feet
D. All of the above would be appropriate units for display.

A

C ( note that with regard to distance, ECDIS reads in “ NM and tenths or meters” would kilometers be considered meters?

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18
Q

Rank the following data in order of priority for ECDIS from most important to least important

  • users data
  • radar information
  • hydrographic office data
  • ECDIS messages
  • hydrographic office cautions
  • notice to mariners information
A
  1. ECDIS Message
  2. Hydrographic Office date
  3. NTM information
  4. Hydrographic office cautions
  5. Radar information
  6. Users data
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19
Q

An ECDIS system must be able to perform certain calculations and conversions. Which of the following is not one of those required.
A. transformation from local datum to WGS 72
B. Geographic position from a known position given distance and azimuth
C. True distance and azimuth between two geographical positions
D. Projection calculations such as rhumb line distance

A

A (WGS 84)

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20
Q 
Which of the following status indicators for the ECDIS must be audible
A. chart overscale
B. Deviation from route
C. Malfunction of ECDIS
D. Area with special conditions
A

B

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21
Q

Bowditch: “ paradoxically, ECDIS makes the navigators job both simpler and more complex” why would this be?

A

Situational awareness must now include, especially when ECDIS is used as the primary means of navigation, the processes and status of the electronic components of the system. This includes all attached sensors, the serial connections and communication ports and data interfaces, the computer processor and operating system, navigation and chart software, data storage devices, and power supply. Furthermore, these new responsibilities must still be balanced with the traditional matters of keeping a vigilant navigational watch. In other words, as bowditch reminds us, the windows in the pilothouse are still the best tool for situational awareness.

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22
Q

ECDIS must be able to reconstruct the navigation and verify the offical database used for the last ________ hours of the voyage.

A

12

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23
Q

This information must be recorded at _______ minute intervals and include what two items?

A

One minute intervals. Must include own ships past track including time, position, heading and speed. Also must include a record of official ENC used including source, edition,date, cell and update history

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24
Q

Voyage files consist of what three types of files?

A

Logbook, Files, Track files, and target files

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25
Q

ECDIS must be able to record the complete track fro the entire voyage with time marks at least once every__________ hours

A

Four

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26
Q

Which of the following statements is true about ECDIS recorded information.
A. the information must be accessible to alteration
B. Radar overlay data does not appreciably affect the size of voyage files.
C. the Network master- slave backup system automatically archives data
D. none of these statements are true

A

D

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27
Q

Which of the following vessels is NOT required to carry a VDR?
A. 1600T GRT RoRO vessel engaged on an internation voyage
B. A 3200 GT passenger vessel engaged on an internation passage.
C. A 15,000 GT tanker built in 2005
D. a 1200 GRT high speed craft vessel built in 2001 engaged on a regular service in european domestic waters

A

A

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28
Q

One feature of the VDR is “radar video capture” this video is captured and compressed every ______ seconds to comply with the IEC performance standards

A

15 seconds

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29
Q

IEC requires an uninterruptible power supply back up for all components of the data acquisition unit and for the data capsule to provide _______hours continuous recording following a blackout.

A

Two

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30
Q

The IMO requires the VDR system, including sensors, be subject to performance test for certification every _________.

A

Year

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31
Q

An ECDIS using non-offical corrected chart data is operating in the __________

A

ECS

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32
Q

An ENC is vector dating conforming to _________

A

IHO S-57

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33
Q

The minimum size of data is a _____________

A

spherical rectangle

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34
Q

Cells are limited to __________________ of data

A

5 mb

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35
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Cells have a standard format but do not have a standard coverage size.
B. IHO- cells are normally copy protected and required a permit before use is allowed
C. The cell must be delivered as a file containing the chart permits

A

C

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36
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Vector data is easier to collect than raster data
B. ENC coverage now includes the straight of Magellan
C. ENC data available from national hydrographic offices usually does not require purchase, permit or licensing
D. NOAA has completed its portfolio for all ports in the united states.

A

B

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37
Q

DNC is a vector format that _________________

A

is produced by the NGA, is designed to military specifications, supports GIS application

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38
Q 
Which of the following does not provide official raster chart formats.
A. ARCS (British Admiralty)
B. Seafarer (Australia)
C. BSB (US, NOAA/ Maptech
D. RIK (Swedish TOPO)
A

D

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39
Q

What does the abbreviation “W1” mean when applied to IBS.

A

One man watch

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40
Q 
Which of the following acronyms is the database created from the ENC data
A. SENC
B. ECDIS-N
C. NAVSSI
D. ENCDB
A

A

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41
Q

True or False: to comply with the IMO performance standards for ECDIS, the ENC data set must have an updating service.

A

TRUE

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42
Q

What does the term “ patch technique” mean in reference to NOAA charts?

A

A patching technique is used to update raster charts. Its updates only those parts of a given chart identified as needing correction. The method compares the existing chart file and its corrected counterpart on a pixel by pixel basis. The software creates a “difference file” that is associated with the existing raster file to which it applies. This difference file is then compressed so that a typical patch only contains a few kilobytes of data

43
Q

If a three-line fix results in a equilateral triangle “cocked hat” with sides 3 mm in length at a chart scale of 1:20,000, each side of the real-world triangle represented by that fix will be approximately how long?

A

197 FEET

44
Q

As of 2002, what percentage of depth information found on US charts was based on hydrographic surveys conducted before 1940

A

50%

45
Q

Features whose positions originated in the local notice to mariners, reported by unknown sources, are usually charted with qualifying notations like PA or PD. What do these notations mean?

A

Position Approximate (PA) Position Doubtful (PD)

46
Q

True or False: No systematic adjustment can easily be performed that will improve the inherent accuracy of the electronic chart

A

TRUE

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about voyage planning and voyage monitoring?
A. Using raster data, ECDIS cannot issue a warning that a chosen route crosses a safety contour.
B. During route monitoring, ECDIS must show own ships position whenever the display covers the area
C. ECDIS is required to show distance right/ left of intended track
D. An “indication” can be visual, but an alarm must either be audible, or both audible and visual

A

C

48
Q

Many electronic chart systems allow the coupling of the navigation system to the autopilot. The navigation of the vessel can be turned over to the autopilot. While this may be permissible for vessels in the open seas, why would it be dangerous for a large vessel navigating a turn in a narrow channel?

A

The large ship under autopilot control will not anticipate the turn in the channel and will not begin the turn until the antenna of the positing system, presumable the GPS and often located in the stern of the ship, is at the exact waypoint. By this time its to late, for the turn should likely have been started at least two ship lengths previous. Furthermore, autopilots do not take advance and transfer into account.

49
Q

GPS

A

Global Positioning System

50
Q

ECS

A

Electronic chart system

51
Q

EC

A

Electronic chart

52
Q

DGPS

A

Differential global positioning system

53
Q

ENC

A

Electronic navigational chart

54
Q

ECDIS

A

Electronic Chart and Information System

55
Q

ENDCB

A

Electronic navigation chart database

56
Q

SENC

A

System electronic navigation chart

57
Q

RCDS

A

Raster chart display system

58
Q

IMO

A

International Maritime Organization

59
Q

SOLAS

A

Safety of life at sea

60
Q

RTCM

A

Radio technical commission for maritime services

61
Q

VDR

A

Voyage data recorder

62
Q

DNV

A

Det norkse veritas

63
Q

VPF

A

Vector product format

64
Q

WECDIS

A

Warship electronic chart display and information system

65
Q

NIMA

A

National Imagery and Mapping agency

66
Q

UPS

A

Uninterruptible power supply

67
Q

RNC

A

Raster Navigational chart

68
Q

IHO

A

International Hydrographic Office

69
Q

IEC

A

International electrotechnical commission

70
Q

ARPA

A

Automatic Radar Plotting Aid

71
Q

WGS

A

World Geodetic System

72
Q

DNC

A

Digital Nautical chart

73
Q

ECDIS-N

A

Electronic chart display and information system for the US Navy

74
Q

NAD

A

North American Datum

75
Q

CHS

A

Canadian Hydrographic office

76
Q

AIS

A

Automatic Information System

77
Q

IHO S-52

A

Specifies the chart content and display aspects of the ECDIS display

78
Q

IHO S-57

A

Specifies the transfer standard for digital hydrographic data

79
Q

The surface along which gravity is always equal and to which the direction of gravity is always perpendicular is known as the ________________

A

Geoid

80
Q

Because of the irregularity of the earths actual size and shape, there is no complete mathematical expression of its surface. The geometric shape which has a specific mathematical expression closely approximating the actual surface of the earth is called the _____________

A

Ellipsoid

81
Q

The term “ ellipsoid of revolution” may be used interchangeably with which of the following?

A

Geoidal undulation

82
Q

Which of the following statements is true about defining the ellipsoid?
A. the semi-major axis runs through the north and south poles
B. The size of the ellipsoid is represented by the semi-minor axis
C. Flattening is the ratio of the difference between the semi-major and the semi-minor axes of the ellipsoid and the semi major axis
D. The ratio of flattening of the earth is approximately .033

A

C

83
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. a variety of ellipsoids are necessary to cover the entire earth
B. The geodetic latitude is the angle which the normal to the ellipsoid at a station makes with the plane of the geodetic equator
C. The meridians on a spheroid are ellipses, not perfect circles
D. A degree of geodetic latitude is longer at the equator than at the poles

A

D

84
Q

Which of the following would not be a component of a horizontal geodetic datum.
A. astronomic latitude and astronomic longitude of an initial point
B. Geodetic latitude and astronomic latitude of an initial point
C. Radius and flattening of the ellipsoid
D. Geoidal separation at the origin
E. All of the above are elements of a horizontal geodetic datum

A

E

85
Q 
There are several types of geodetic survey, Which of the following is NOT one of them 
A. Triangulation
B. Trilateration
C. Transverse
D. Vertical
A

C. Transverse

86
Q

Which type of geodetic survey involves measuring the sides of a chain of triangles or other polygons

A

Trilateration

87
Q

Of the four general classes of triangulation, which is the most precise and exact

A

First Order

88
Q

Which class is used primarily as mapping control

A

Fourth Order

89
Q

Of the three leveling techniques used in vertical surveying, which is the most accurate

A

Differential

90
Q

Which of the three leveling techniques makes use of a theodite

A

Trigonometric

91
Q

A ______________ is defined as any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which serves as a reference point from which to measure other quantities.

A

Datum

92
Q

True or False: Vertical geodetic datum is the reference used to define the heights and depths of hydrographic features.

A

False ( Tidal Datum)

93
Q

The North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27) coordinates are based on the latitude and longitude of a reference point in __________________________

A

Kansas

94
Q

NAD 27 is based on the _________________________

A

Clarke Ellipsoid

95
Q

Given the vast number of local and national datums and the perceived necessity of more uniform datums for weapons purposes, the US department of defense issued which of the datums.

A

World Geodetic System of 1960

96
Q

In compiling WGS, which of the following provided source for the data.

A

Doppler satellites

97
Q

The WGS we now refer to is ___________

A

WGS 84

98
Q

True or False: It is now the case that positions computed on any WGS coordinates can be plotted directly on any other WGS system.

A

True

99
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A. NAD 83 is navigationnally equivalent to the WGS
B. The only difference between charts which differ only in datum is the adjustment of the graticule.
C. NAD 83 includes tie-ins to surveys from canada, mexico, and central america.
D. All of these statements are true

A

D

100
Q

The term used to describe the difference between a plotted position and its actual location on the chart is called _________________________

A

Datum shift

101
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true.
A. All charts produced by the NGA are compiled on WGS
B. NOAA charts of the US are compiled on the NAD 83 datum
C. GEOTRANS-2 is a datum transformation software program to convert from any known datum to any other, in any location.

A

A.

102
Q

True or False: the GPS receiver WRN-6 defaults to WGS

A

True

103
Q

To avoid datum shift on charts that have been compiled using different datums, ___________________
A. transfer positions from one chart to another using bearings and ranges to common points.
B. positions defined by latitude and longitude may be replotted after applying corrections derived from notes on the chart
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

A

C.

104
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true
A. Datum shifts are not constant throughout a given region
B. Chart corrections intended for one edition of a chart may not be safely plotted on any other edition
C. NGA reproductions of foreign charts will usually be in WGA datum
D. The datum note is usually found in the title block or in the upper left margin of a chart produced by NGA or NOS

A

C.

SF exam (14 decks)

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