Bovine Reproduction Flashcards
Causes of teat lesions
What is the cause of proliferative teat lesions?
What diseases and viruses are reportable?
Proliferative teat lesions Pseudocowpox - parapox virus
Vesicular Stomatitis - Rhabdovirus
Ulcerations mouth, teats
Bluetongue & Herpes mammilitis also ulcerative lesions
What generally ASYMPTOMATIC disease and pathogen results in poor calving percentage?
Trichomoniasis, Trichomonas
-Rarely abortions
3-week old calf, DIARRHEA, anorexia, stiff neck and hyperesthesia. CFS tap performed, neutrophils mainly. Most likely diagnosis?
Ddx?
MENINGITIS
-CSF: elevated protein, neutrophilia.
Ddx
Listeriosis
-CSF: Monocytosis
Salt poisoning
-Does NOT alter CSF protein and WBC count by much
Beef cow pregnancy palpation, what is the most noticeable
30 days sign of gestation?
Chorioallantoic membrane slip
Mastitis problem & Secretions
- Serum -like secretions
- Thick pus + cow not so ill
- Gangrenous or systemic illness
- +/- systemic illness & arthritis in goats
- Coliform = systemic and hot/swollen udders
- Trueperella pyogenes
- Staph aureus
- Mycoplasma mycoides
Metritis - Dystocia signs
How many weeks after calving?
Ddx
-Brucella abortus
-Tritrichomonas foetus
-Fetid odor
-Watery, red-brown uterine discharge
-Rectal palpation reveals fluid filled uterus with moderate tone
-May have failure to pass placenta
within 2 weeks after calving
How many injections of PGF2a are giving to synchronize a dairy cow? How far apart? Why?
2 injections 11-14 days apart
To ensure that cows that had an immature, unresponsive corpus lutes during the first shot are synchronized on the second shot
Additionally those that were synchronized on the first shot now will have a mature and responsive CL in 11-14 days
5 days apart is not enough time for CL to mature enough to be responsive, so they won’t lyse
A bull bred a cow a few weeks ago, now pyometra. Most likely responsible agent?
Ddx?
Tritrichomonas foetus
-Commonly associated with post-coital pyometra
-Causes embryonic death (early)
Ddx
-Campylobacter, EARLY but no PYOMETRA
-Brucella LATE term abortions
-Leptospirosis MID-to-LATE gestation abortions No post-coital pyometras
Calf born with a twin has enlarged clitoris, abnormally small ant-genital distance. Diagnosis?
What is the key hormone secreted by the male?
Ddx/Distractors?
-Lupine
-Ponderosa pine needles
Freemartin
Hormone: AMH anti Mullein-inhibiting hormone
-Lupine: causes fetal arthrogryposis if ingested
-Ponderosa pine needles: abortions late term
What hormone would you use to induce abortion in a cow that has been undesirably bred within a week?
What is the source of the progesterone hormone?
<4 mts or on the last month = PGF2a
Corpus luteum, so destroying it would induce abortion
> 4mts: placenta is the contributor up to the last month
What about anywhere in between?
-PGF2a + Dexamethasone
Chorioallantoic membrane slip palpable when?
30-35 days
Amniotic vesicle: 55-60 days
Streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aureus, mycoplasma, corynebacterium bovis. Which one is an obligate pathogen of the mammary gland Gram +?
What is a CAMP reaction?
Streptococcus agalactiae
-Subclinical mastitis
-May lead to high somatic cell count
-Dx CAMP reaction (S. aureus, S. agalactiae = lysed RBC and clearing on your culture plate)
How do you relieve clockwise uterine torsion on a cow?
Push the vagina while rolling the cow clockwise relieves the torsion
Which species is the carrier of Leptospira server Hardjo type Hardo-Bovis?
Cattle is the carrier
Tx: tetracycline and vaccinate
Pomona carriers: swine, opossums, skunks, raccoons.
Canicola: dogs, rats, swine, mice,
Bratislava: Horses
Grippotyphosa: squirrels, mice, muskrats.
Compare pyometra signs between a cow and a bitch
Cow
-Few overt signs
-Dx via transrectal palpation or ultrasound
-Localized to uterine lumen
Bitch
-PU/PD
-Inappetence
-High fever
-Diarrhea
Epizootic Bovine Abortion
Transmission
-Ground dwelling soft tick Ornothodoros coriaceus
-Arizona, California foothills
Prevention
-Keep pregnant heifers out of the foothills until they are 6 months pregnant
-Abortions occur 3-4 mts after exposure due to fetal lesions
-Raise non bred heifer in foothills to develop immunity
-Keep heifers that abort = immune
No commercially available vaccine
Mastitis: Serum-like secretions with clumps of fibrin, LPS endotoxin, udder swollen, hot, painful, and discolored.
Dx & Tx?
Coliform mastitis
Aggressive with IV fluids, NSAIDs, supportive nursing, antimicrobials BOTH intrammamary + systemic when severe.
Calcium if hypocalcemia, but SQ or oral to prevent cardiac arrest
What is an unusual feature of bovine reproductive physiology compared to ewe, doe, mare, sow?
Can the cow be sucessfully AI after ovulation? How many ooocytes does she ovulates?
only the cow ovulates after the end of estrus
The mare, ewe, doe/nanny are seasonal breeders.
All listed species have epithelia-chorial placenta
Yes, AI after Ok
1 oocyte produced
Pigs ovulate large numbers of oocytes
What is going on in the image? How long after parturition do uterine prolapses occur usually?
Tell me about vaginal and rectal prolapses
-Immediately or within hours after parturition. Tx: epidural, remove attached fetal membranes, clean, lubricate, replace to normal position, then OXYTOCIN and CALCIUM GLUCONATE for expelling fluids and prevent hypocalcemia. Antibiotics such as oxytetracycline if metritis
-Vaginal prolapse: during late gestation
-Rectal: straining or defecation associated
Crepitus felt upon palpation of the uterus. Most likely Dx?
Ddx?
Macerated fetus
Caused by degradation of the fetus = crepitus
Ddx
-Mummified fetus: but sterile and all fluids resorbed, hard tarry mass left
-Pyometra: uterus distended, pus and usually postpartum
-Post coital: consider Tritichomonas foetus
Do you perform frequent milking, anti-inflammatories and antibiotics with all types of mastitis? What do you recommend the farmer to do with Mycoplasma bovis mastitis?
NO
-CULL
Other mastitis Strep or Coliform
-Yes to tx
Cow pale and tachycardic 1 hour after dystocia calf pulled out and cow goes down? most likely cause?
UTerine tear
What organism is NOT zoonotic and shed in milk cow?
Listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter fetus spp venerealis, brucella abortus, mycobacterium avian spp paratuberculosis, salmonella dublin, Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter fetus spp venerealis Not zoonotic
Risks factors for abortion & Signs
- Brucella abortus = severe inflammation including placentitis, retained placenta, metritis, lack of signs in younger animals/cows Last half of pregnancy abortions Calf pneumonia, autolysis
- IBR & Herpes virus = quickly kill fetus, severe inflammation throughout the fetus
- Listeria monocytogenes = fetus usually autolyzed, brain micro-abscesses present
- Neospora caninum = epidemic or enzootic patterns of abortion, typically earlier than 8 months and autolysis of tissues. Granulomas in the brain frequent. Necrosis of cotyledons fetal lesions including myocarditis, hepatitis, myositis and encephalitis.
- Tritrichomonas fetus: abortions in the first half of gestation, YES placentitis, and YES pneumonia in fetus absent
- Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis: early embryonic death
Hydroallantois vs. Hydrammnios
Hydroallantois
-Disorder of placenta, prognosis for fertility poor and fetus life poor
-Rapid accumulation of fluid
-Enlarged, rounded abdomen
-Cow uncomfortable, reluctant to move
-Anorexia, decreased rumen motility, dehydration, weakness
-May go down and rupture prepubic tendon
-Watery fluids in the uterus 100-200 L
-Last trimester
-Thickened placenta upon ultrasound
Prognosis for fetus
-Guarded even with c-section
Prognosis for cow
-Not normal colostrum production
-Salvage for slaughter
Hydramnios
-Disorder of fetus
-Placenta itself normal
-Gradual accumulation of thick viscous fluid during later part of gestation
Pear shape caudal view of cow
-Placentomes and fetus are usually palpable
-Deformed fetus delivery, but pregnancy to term typically
Good prognosis for fertility and life of cow
Abortions occur throughout pregnancy, fetus typically aytolyzed with foci of necrosis in liver or no gross lesions. Dx & Pathogen?
Ddx?
Dx
-Epizootic bovine abortion: “foothill abortion”
-Novel deltaproteobacterium present in Ornithodoros coriaceus tick
Ddx
-Bovine herpesvirus - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-Ponderosa pine needle abortions
What is the gestation stage approximately in months if placentomes the size of a half dollar size coin are palpable?
at least 6 months
Can you confirm pregnancy with ultrasound at 15 days?
No, need minimum 28 days development
58-90 days fetal sex can be determined
If a cow is pregnant, what is the MILK progesterone level at 0 days of estrous and on day 21 and 24?
-Low milk progesterone + high on day 21 and 24
What is the effect of PGF2a in anestrus cow?
No effect bc a MATURE CL is required to be present for effect
70% normal morphology of sperm, 30% motile, adequate scrotal circumference, normal PE, is the Bull ok and passes BSE?
Yes
What is the most adequate treatment of penile warts for a 1 yo bull that otherwise passes BSE?
-Surgical removal of warts and sexual rest for 2-3 weeks
Cause: BPV-1 which can also cause warts in teats and nose
Transmission: very contagious, can spread via fomites in equipment but also directly from bull to bull
Puberty: 9-11 mts
Desired scrotal circumference: >30 cm
What are some of the functions of PGF2a injection? What do gonadotropins do?
Gonadotropins cause super ovulation via maturation and ovulation of multiple follicles
Tritrichomonas in bulls
Young or old/mature?
Carrier heifer or bull?
Effect on fertility or no?
Visible signs or no?
What is the “niche”?
-Mature/older bull
-Bull chronic carrier
-Heifer clears infection in 2-4 months and recovers fertility
-No visible signs in either male/female
-Niche: crypts of a bull’s glans penis and prepuce, thus increasing organisms thriving niche
What antibiotic and route would be appropriate to use and least economic effects?
Dx: Endometritis
Tetracycline of ceftiofur but Ceftiofur least milk withdrawal times
Post-milking teat dips and Escherichia coli mastitis
Can NOT prevent this type of mastitis
Pre-milking teat dips are useful to prevent non contagious diseases such as E. coli, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus sp. except S. agalactiae
Post-milking teat dips help with preventing the spread of contagious pathogens such as Strep agalactiae.
100,000 to 200,000 cells/ml SCC, What is your interpretation?
Normal
