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Meat Science Exam 3 > Bovine Repro Final > Flashcards

Bovine Repro Final Flashcards

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1
Q

historical procedure for embryo transfer

A

full surgery with vets/techs/anesthesiologists etc. there is a middle incision and flank incision to flush into large container (container can hold lot of fluid so there is a lot to sort through to find) –> later made filter
then to transfer gun needs to make it into uterine horn so embryo can shot out front or sides and need to make sure it is in the side of the horn with CL (use palpation)

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2
Q

what is the embryo transfer filter

A

plastic embryo collection filter with 70 micron stainless steel filter
lid with in-flow connection, vent cup lid etc

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3
Q

embryo transfer (finding oocyte)

A

need stereomicroscope (10-50x suitable for bovine repro embryology

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4
Q

factors affecting success for ET

A
  1. time in holding medium: at 2 - 7hrs can have almost 6,000 transfers with 73% preg vs 19 - 24hrs can have 150 transfers and 72% preg
  2. embryo age day of flush: best to flush cows day 7 but 6 and 8 have no statistical difference
  3. using invivo vs invitro
  4. fresh > frozen
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5
Q

scales for grading embryos

A

IETS 1 - 4 (international embryo transfer society)
1 = excellent/good 2 = fair 3 = poor 4 = degenerate
want to have 1 or 2 (2 has 63% pr vs 3 has 46% pr)

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6
Q

embryo transfer recipient-donor estrus synchrony

A

increased percent pregnant at 24hrs on both ends (plus/minus) when being synched
sever decrease if using frozen embryos 24hrs after synching

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7
Q

embryo transfer on-farm factors (4)

A

management
synchronization of donors
nutrition
seasonal effects

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8
Q

invivo vs invitro (ET)

A

invivo: day 0 is the time you detect first standing heat, embryos are less advanced, should be within 24hr synch
invitro: day 0 is considered maturation, embryos have blastocysts and expanded blastocysts

vitro uses more matured egg

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9
Q

new tools

A

new/greatly improved tools appear constantly, about every 7 years truly novel tool occur which revolutionize science and application
1/2 noble prizes in physiology or medicine concern new tools

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10
Q

superovulation

A

neew tech to superovulate cows and collect much more embryos per flush, about 60% use FSH about twice daily for 3 to 4 days

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11
Q

cryopreservation of embryos

A

allow movement of valuable genetics, no need for large recipient herd, preserve genetics from deceased animals, can be coupled with other technologies (embryo biopsy)
gly (glycerol) eg (??)

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12
Q

revolutionary tools (5) ET

A

transgenic technology, stem cell biology, somatic cell nuclear transplantation, polymerase chain reaction, fertilization by sperm injection

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13
Q

IVF history

A

1959 first to be done in mammal being a rabbit
1981 first calf from IVF
1988 1st repeatable OPU (ovum pick up) protocol
1990s production of calves from IVF commercially established internationally
IVD (in vivo derived) trends decrease and IVP (in vitro produced) trends increase

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14
Q

IVP vs IVD

A

IVD = in vivo derived
IVP = in vitro produced
IVP > IVD trending

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15
Q

source of oocytes

A

OPU = ovum pick-up or transvaginal oocyte aspiration
slaughterhouse/deceased animals

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16
Q

why surge in IVF embryo production?

A

advances in collection, handling, processing, storage, transport, transfer
improved equipment for OPU and improvement in super stimulation protocols
more in dairy breeds but increasing overall, can leave embryo out for 24 hr and won’t see decrease in preg rate vs oocyte need to be more careful with temp

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17
Q

collecting oocyte process

A

oocytes are sensitive to temperature, move oocytes into an incubator as quickly as possible, grading for oocytes
storage = slow rate freezing?, vitrification = freezing so quickly liquid doesn’t form ice but instead glass-like solid, improvement in media
transport = portable incubators, maturation during shipment, shipping media does not require equilibrium

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18
Q

steps in in vitro embryo poduction (3)

A
  1. maturation
  2. fertilization
  3. embryo culture

fertilization: AI 2 mil put in for semen, usually get about 100 sperm trying to fertilize egg, capacitation that change sperm plasma membrane, chose frozen over fresh for invitro

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19
Q

maturation in vitro vs in vivo

A

in vivo = final maturation due to LH surge in vivo, cAMP maintains meiotic arrest by inhibiting PDE3, LH surge -> decrease cAMP -> releases inhibition of PDE3 -> resumption of meiosis

invitro = final maturation due to removal from an inhibitory environment, removal from inhibitory environment initiates maturation

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20
Q

capacitation

A

requires changes in the sperm plasma membrane so sperm is able to penetrate and fertilize the egg, sperm aquire the ability to fertilize oocytes (acromse reaction, hyperactivated motility) cryopreservation of sperm facilities capacitation

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21
Q

methods of inducing capacitation in vitro

A

heparin = binds to proteins that stimulate loss of membrane cholesterol and phospholipids increase Ca acrosome
caffeine = increase cAMP
BSA = removes cholesterol from membrane
freeze/thaw sperm = destabilizes membrane

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22
Q

ICSI

A

intracytoplasmic sperm injection\
dont usually do/does work well for bovine but will use when sperm are less mobile or don’t swim well

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23
Q

culture systems ET media

A

1 vs 2 vs 3 step media
composition of media is important: energy substrates, buffers, amino acids, antioxidants, macromolecules, osmolytes

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24
Q

why use IVF

A

females that process abnormalities in their reproductive tracts, terminal females, improves efficiency of sperm if semen is rare or expensive, can aspirate oocytes during the first 90 days of pregnancy

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25
Q

in vitro vs in vivo produced embryos

A

in vitro-produced embryos are inferior higher preg rate but more loss! b/c embryo quaity , lower preg rates, some suggestion of epigenetic problems
as culture systems improve the gap may lessen

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26
Q

IETS grade description

A

grade 1 = 3+ complete layers of cumulus
grade 2 = 1-2 compete layers of cumulus
grade 3 = <1 complete layer of cumulus
grade 4 = expanded cumulus

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27
Q

current use in industry for IVF

A

on the rise, specialized centers for IVF production, veterinarians performing OPU, embryos exported around the world

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28
Q

zygote development

A

zona pellucida (surronds oocyte), pronuclei (nucleus of sperm and egg), compact morula (has zona pellucida and compact cell mass), blastocysts

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29
Q

initial embryonic celvages

A

fertilized egg = one cell
1st clevage = two cell
2nd cleavage = 4 cell, either parallel or orthogonal
3rd cleavage = parallel goes to planar which happens about 20% of time OR orthogonal goes to tetrahedron which happens about 80% of the time

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30
Q

fluid pressure in controlling embryo size and cell fate

A

early blastocyst has low pressure vs late has high pressure

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31
Q

factors and mechanisms inducting senescence in invitro-produced embryos

A

factors = stress-induced senescence: oxygen tension, temperature, pH, light, fetal calf serum , culture media composition
mechanisms = metabolic stress, epigenetic alterations, oxidative stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening
senescence = cells don’t proliferate aka sleeping cells

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32
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

development outside the female repro tract

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33
Q

embryogenesis

A

first differentiation is development of inner cell mass and trophectoderm = placenta vs embryo happens at 4 cell stage

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34
Q

embryo development

A

zygote = fertilized egg at d1, can tell by two/bi-nuclei and 2 polar bodies to morulla (compact) to blastocytes (attaches and implants to uterus wall

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35
Q

Yap

A

transcription factor when phosphorylated it is in cytoplasm and can’t do anything vs when not phosphorylated can move around nuclease and turn on genes for placenta development (happens in outside/edge cells of morula) mouse specific

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36
Q

placenta elongation

A

happens in sheep does not happen to humans

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37
Q

OCT 4

A

marker for ICM (inner cell mass) comes later after defined TE (trophectoderm)

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38
Q

CDX2

A

placenta development, transcription factor protein bind DNA

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39
Q

embryo vs fetal development

A

embryo = organ development, can’t tell species apart from looking
fetal = organs are formed and are able to tell species different

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40
Q

maternal RNA degradation to embryonic genome activation

A

2 cell for mouse
8 cell for human
8-16 cell for ruminant
slide 11 embryo-fetal development lecture 24, could be wrong

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41
Q

what initiates development?

A

molecular changes initiate development
male and female contributions are necessary for concepts development

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42
Q

twinning

A

dizygotic = faternal, two zygotes
monozygotic = identical, from one zygote

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43
Q

freemartin

A

male and female twin where male hormones affect female twin to be sterile

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44
Q

caruncle vs cotylendonary

A

caruncle is maternal side and gets wider with development vs cotyledonary is fetal side and branches more with development

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45
Q

placenta morphologies

A

facilitate transport, endocrine organ
zonary placenta: forms ring around organism (dogs)

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46
Q

cotyledonary placenta

A

caruncles and cotyledonary, examples cow sheep

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47
Q

interhemal barrier

A

blood from the mother stays “separate” from the blood of the fetus to avoid immune response b/c foreign body. classification based on separation between fetal and maternal blood supply
epitheliochorial: pigs horses and ruminants
endotheliochorial: dogs and cats
hemochorial: primates and rodents

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48
Q

placenta degree of implantation

A

nondeciduate = fetal and maternal tissues superfically associated so no maternal tissue is lost at partition

deciduate = fetal and maternal tissues firmly interlocked so layer of maternal tissue is torn away at partition

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49
Q

placental shapes

A

diffuse, zonary, cotyledonary

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50
Q

what is implantation (human)

A

trophoblast cells proliferate and penetrate the endometrium

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51
Q

human placenta

A

semi-permeable membrane, endocrine function, no mixing of blood but exchange of material

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52
Q

spiral artery remodeling

A

in early pregnancy will have spiral artery that slowly unwinds as gestation continues

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53
Q

preclampsia

A

blood flow from mother to fetus is tightened and blocked

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54
Q

human and sheep placenta cells

A

cytotrophoblast cells: villous, proliferative stem cells
extravillous trophoblast cells: proliferate migrate, invade
syncytiotrophoblast layer: fused syncytium, nutrient/gas exhange

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55
Q

large offspring syndrome

A

calfs born way too large for mother to handle, overgrowth disorder in ruminants
usually with cloning/IVF

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56
Q

epigenetic phenomena in mammals

A

x chromosome inactivation (female eutherian mammals) genome imprinting (parent-of-orgin expression)
maternal vs paternal imprinting

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57
Q

maternal imprinting

A

limits use of maternal resources by baby in utero causing less growth

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58
Q

paternal imprinting

A

maximizes the use of maternal resources by baby in utero causing more growth

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59
Q

dolly

A

first cloning of sheep

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60
Q

abnormalities associated with cloning

A

SCNT: will have abnormal nucleus reprogramming & abnormal cytoskeleton remodeling leading to abnormal fetal placena, low preg rate, large offspring syndrome, early death in pups
VS
SCNT and injection with sperm small RNA: will have ameliorated/better abnormal nucleus reprogramming, ameliorated abnormal cytoskeleton remodeling leading to increased preg rate and birth rate, improved cloning efficiency
SCNT somatic cell nuclear transfer

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61
Q

growing human organs in livestock

A

patients cells harvested and reprogrammed -> human stem cells -> injection of human stem cells w/ animal embryo engineered to lack organ -> generation of human organ in livestock animal -> organ transplantation
usually done with pigs because of size and other similarities to humans
first successful test to a pig-to-human kidney transplant donor done but recipient only lived few hours?

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62
Q

AI & genetic selection

A

AI gives extensive progeny from superior males through intensity
fertility traits in commercial sires: health and fertility traits (daughter preg rate, cow conception rate, heifer conception rate, CFI calving 1st insemination)
calving (dtr calving ease, daughter stillbirth)
sire calving ease & daughter calving ease

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63
Q

main concern when we use a few super sires

A

inbreeding = the probability that the two genes at any locus are identical by descent, that the common genes are copies of one of the genes carried by the common ancestor a few generations

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64
Q

spermatogenesis definition

A

process by which spermatozoa are formed = cell divisions and morphologic changes

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65
Q

spermatogenesis point

A

specialized final product: haploid (1n) cell, increased genetic variation, transformation into elongated/flagellated/highly condensed cell
continuous supply of gametes, local immunological regulation to avoid new cells destruction

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66
Q

spermatogenesis 3 phases

A
  1. proliferation phase (spermatocytogenesis
  2. meiosis
  3. differentiation phase
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67
Q

spermation

A

release of spermatozoa into lumen of the seminiferous tube
aka spermatogenic wave

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68
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules among the testicular parenchyma
basal compartment to peripheral adluminal compartment

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69
Q

seminiferous epithelium

A

spermatogonia (elongated cells) to primary spermatocytes to spermatids round to spermatozoa
maturation of sperm in seminiferous tubules

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70
Q

spermatogenesis overview

A

spermatocytogenesis of mitosis to increase number then meiosis to increase variation then spermiogenesis to fully mature sperm/get a specialized final product

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71
Q

first step spermatogenesis

A

proliferation (spermatocytogenesis) = mitotic divisions, proliferation and maintenance of spermatogonoia

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72
Q

second step spermatogenesis

A

meiosis = go to 1N, growth in genetic variation
end product is spermatid

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73
Q

third step spermatogenesis

A

differentiation (spermiogenesis) from spherical spermatids to spermatozoa w/ golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, maturation phase

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74
Q

spermiation

A

continuous release of spermatozoa into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, maturation in the epididymis (shedding cytoplasmic droplets)
capacitaiton: ability to penetrate the zona pellucida in the female repro tract

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75
Q

female gamete supply

A

is completely produced before birth, maturation meiosis and release of gametes is pulsatile after puberty ovulate every 3 - 4 weeks
menopause (humans) the permanent cessation of menstruation due to depletion of gametes

76
Q

male gamete supply

A

after puberty male gametes are formed continually and uniformly throughout reproductive livespan
seasonal breeders are an exception and produce spermatozoa only during breeding season

77
Q

male dynamics of gamete production

A

cycle of seminiferous epithelium –> progression though series of cellular stages at one location along the seminiferous tube

78
Q

spermatogenic wave

A

sequential ordering of stages along the length of the seminiferous tubule
this phenomenon ensures that spermatozoa are produced continuously

79
Q

leydig cells

A

in clusters between the seminiferous tubulues, produce testosterone, with LH receptors
androgen production w/ primary function of initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis (hour intervals not days like female)

80
Q

sertoli cells

A

support spermatozoa production with FSH receptors, nurse cells, provides nutrients during spermatogenesis, produces hormones (inhibin, anti-mullerian hormone)
from the blood-testis barrier –> separating the interstitial blood compartment of the testis from the adluminal compartment

81
Q

sertoli cell & leydig cell in summary

A

sertoli have FSH receptor and govern spermatogenesis
leydig cells have LH receptor and produce testosterone

82
Q

implications of repro performance revenue

A

of calves sold: more total calves % retained for replacement
weight of calves sold

83
Q

implications of repro performance expense

A

cost of non-producers in the herd: yearling replacement heifers, open cows
cost of young cows (2 yo) in the herd: additional feed labor and other resources, additional risk/lower performance

84
Q

the economic value of beef females at different ages

A

1-4 yo slowly increase then steady decline after about 4 to 5 yo

85
Q

what is good repro performance metrics

A

preg rate = #preg/#exposed (consider # of days in breeding season)
calf crop % = # calves weaned/#preg cows
calving interval = average birth date relative to the start of breeding season

86
Q

factors affecting repro (6)

A

nutrition, postpartum interval, innate fertility, disease, dystocia, bull management and exposure

87
Q

nutrition (1st factor affecting repro)

A

BCS @ calving, trend in BCS during breeding season
adequate body condition is the key (prior to calving, trend during the breeding season), strategies for monitoring and making adjustments (structured system to monitor BCS)
match stages of production with nutrient availability in forage (calving season, weaning date) supplemental feeding to compensate for deficiencies in grazed forage

88
Q

post-partum interval (2nd factor)

A

defined calving season, breed heifers early season (30 days)

89
Q

innate fertility (3rd factor)

A

fertility has a low heritability, heterosis has a large impact on fertility, effect of heterosis on repro traits, matching biological types to environment

90
Q

disease (4th factor)

A

manage risks: vaccinate for repro diseases, trich test bulls, have a biosecurity plan (open cows, purchased cows, neighboring cows)

91
Q

dystocia (5th factor)

A

bull selection, calving season, equip females to deal with the challenge of partition, early intervention when necessary

92
Q

bull management and exposure (6th factor)

A

nutrition, breeding soundness exam, correct bull to cow ratio = 1:30 fairly standard company wide, adjust for pasture and stocking conditions (size of pasture, terrain, # of water sites, stock density)

93
Q

genomics history

A

DNA markers matched to genetic information learned through traditional methods
grounded in familiar things –> 1895 USDA collects milk and fat records then 1936 first national sire evaluation now millions of records
2009 genomic evaluations official, 2010 evaluations using 3k markers
now over 5 million dairy animals genotyped

94
Q

providing for every animal, the continuum of car

A

predict & plan: which animals are likely to get a disease?
prevent: what are the protocols recommended to prevent disease
detect: which animals are likely to get a disease, can we find an illness early and mitigate?
treat: if we can’t prevent what treatments will provide the best outcome

95
Q

clarifide plus (genotyping guy) can provide more opportunity for wellness and profit

A

just looking at phenotype will not give you same inside as genotyping the animal to know its performance
official CDCB evaluation: parentage, production, fertility, longevity milk quality and calving, functional type
z cow wellness: mastitis, lameness, metritis, retained placenta, disposed abomasum, ketosis, milk fever, cow respiratory
z calf wellness: calf viability, calf respiratory, calf scours
genetic conditions: POLLED TEST (no fee), milk components, genetic conditions, infertility haplotypes
z fertility: abortion, twinning, cystic ovary

96
Q

millk genetics vs phenotype contrast of results

A

2214 lb milk difference between best and worst 10%
7724 lb milk difference between best and worst 10%
best 25% DWP$ group stayed in the herd 202 days longer than the worst 25%
w/ clarified scours 83% reduction in prevalence from the worst to best group

97
Q

dairy wellness profit DWP$

A

a selection index that expresses the expected lifetime profit for an animal
production (36%) cow wellness traits (23%) longevity milk quality & calving (13%) fertility (12%) functional type (10%) calf wellness traits (6%)

98
Q

genotyping/genomics clarifide summary

A

marginal milk is king: mature cows give 25% more milk than 1st claf heifers (our best 2 yo don’t milk quite as much as out average 5 yo) cows/heifers that avoid health events net more milk than those that don’t
clarified polus predictions translate to real performance differences: producers need to keep up as the industry progresses

99
Q

newborn dairy calf management critical points

A

before calving: records, dry and close up cow
at calving: calving assistance
after calving: environment, immediate car, colostrum, STP

100
Q

on dairy farms calving means

A

dam starts new lactation –> new productive cycle, heifer calf represent the highest genetic advance of the herd and a future replacement cow = dairy heifer program

101
Q

dairy heifer program goals

A

55% mature body weight at breeding (13-15mo)
85% mature weight at calving (22-24mo)
BCS at calving 3.5

102
Q

newborn challenges

A

immature immune system/aggamaglobulinemic, abrupt change in environment, variable amounts of body fat, small body weight, large body surface area -> quick loss of body heat, thermoneutral zone 50-78*F, prone to digestive upsets

103
Q

immune system of newborn calf

A

antibodies can’t cross the placenta so at birth calves have a naive immune system: calves are aggamaglobulinemic, calves have the components of the immune system but it needs time to mature

104
Q

passive immunity chracteristics

A

mediated by antibodies produced outside the body, pathogen doesn’t have direct contact with the individual, generates a rapid response, provides short term immunity, does not generate immunological memory
relies on colostrum milk from cow to calf

105
Q

critical points before claving

A

records: expected calving date -> date to dry -> date to close up -> diet and vaccination program
hygiene in calving areas: close-up and maternity pens

106
Q

critical points at calving

A

calving management: detection of dystocia, calving assistance, metabolic problems

107
Q

critical care points after calving (environment during the first hours of life)

A

maternity pen
newborn pen -> protected from extreme weather, clean and dry bedding

108
Q

critical care points after calving (immediate care)

A

separate calf from the dam as soon as possible, place calf in sternal position in a clean and dry surface, clear respiratory airway: remove membranes and fluids from the nose, stimulate breathing
rub the calf vigorously with a clean towel: stimulate breathing and dry the calf, never hang the calf upside down, feed colostrum

109
Q

critical care points after calving (feeding the newborn calf)

A

COLOSTRUM, first milk produced after birth for macro and micro nutrients, immunoglobulins, peptides with antimicrobial activity

110
Q

feeding colostrum quantity

A

immunoglobulin concentration: MINIMUM quality 50mg/ml
pathogen load: colostrum harvest routine, interval between harvest and feeding/store, bacterial load double every 20 min
depends on age of dam, dry period, vaccination program pre-calving, diet BCS weather, time when colostrum is collected after birth (longer time = lower quality)
feed 10-12% of body weight at first feeding –> 4 liters for a holstein calf as soon as possible after birth –> 2 extra liters after 8-12hrs

111
Q

feeding colostrum quickness

A

two main physiological changes after birth
1. intestine of the new born claf
2. amount of antibodies in colostrum
“race between bacteria in the environment and absorption of IgG”

112
Q

colostrum harvesting

A

hygiene! closely related with colostrum bacteriological quality
establish a colostrum harvesting routine: milk cow as soon as possible after birth clean the teats as in the milking routine, use clean gloves to perform the harvesting, disinfect equipment, change gloves once done harvesting, test quality of fresh colostrum and decide to feed or store, never leave colostrum at room temp, before to feed claves/store colostrum make sure bottles etc disinfected

113
Q

storing colostrum

A

be prepared
store colostrum with minimum 50mg/ml immunoglobulins, reduce temp as fast as possible
refrigerate up to 3 days, freeze up to 6 months, pasteurize then refrigerate or freeze

114
Q

feeding colostrum do not

A

feed low quality
feed bloody colostrum
feed colostrum from cows positive to mycobacterium paratuberculosis
feed colostrum contaminated with feces or dirt
pool different quality colostrum

115
Q

evaluation colostrum program

A

serum total protein STP: on-farm analysis to evaluate passive immune transfer in healthy calves (24 hr up to 7 d), high correlation between STP and serum IgG, STP is cheaper/easier than serum IgG

116
Q

STP standards for passive immunity transfer

A

increase serum total protein amount to be considered excellent v good v fair v poor
colostrjm management practices are successful when: less than 10% of the animals are in the poor category, at least 40% of the tested animals are excellent

117
Q

records and personnel training

A

basic records: date and time of birth, dam ID, calf ID, calving ease, colostrum feeding, colostrum quality
advance records: proposed dairy calf birth certificate data and death loss categorization scheme, training should be provided at least once a year, all new employees should be trained and follow same protocols

118
Q

dairy calf management take-home message

A

at birth calves are aggamaglobulinemic with an immature immune system
first hours after birth are crucial for rearing programs
prevent pathogen contamination, provide adequate environment for newborn claves, provide clean and high-quality colostrum
colostrum is the key to good health start

119
Q

reduced fertility affects (5)

A

productivity, animal longevity, animal welfare, economics, operation sustainability

120
Q

causes of reduced fertility noninfectious vs infectious

A

noninfectious: toxic, environmental, genetic, physical trauma
infectious: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi

121
Q

reproductive pathogens …(overview)

A

are often difficult to identify
may pose a zoonotic risk
records (breeding vaccination)
samples collection and handling
disinfection, isolation PPE

122
Q

bacterial pathogens (3)

A

leptospira
campylobacter
brucella

123
Q

leptospirosis overview

A

gram +, hardjo-bovis = host adapted to cattle so live in harmony with cattle, only causes little loss and won’t see as a producer, abortion rates 3-10% , zoonotic risk

124
Q

leptospirosis pathogenesis

A

entry though mucous membranes or skin abrasions –> bacteremia –> infects kidney and repro tract
placenta –> hemolytic crisis –> fetal death (usually late gestation)
persists in proximal renal tubules –> shed in urine and in milk

125
Q

leptospirosis clinical signs

A

non or mild acute clinical signs
abortion, still birth, weak calves: if infected for the first time when pregnant (weeks after infection, no illness in dam, sporadic/host adapted)
reduced fertility: increased services per conception, prolonged calving intervals

126
Q

leptospirosis diagnosis

A

maternal and fetal serum: serology
fetal kidney fluids: immunofluorescence
maternal urine: culture, fluorescent antibody testing PCR, paired serum samples
dark field micrioscopy

127
Q

leptospirosis control

A

vaccination: 5-way vaccine and monovalent vaccines, renal colonization and shedding
reduced exposure: standing water, resivors
treatment: antimicrobial therapy

128
Q

leptospirosis zoonotic risk

A

exposure through raw milk, urine, repro tract
disease of fever, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, rash, jaundice, weil disease kidney/liver failure meningitis

129
Q

leptospirosis basics

A

hardjo-bovis host adapted, through mucous mebranes, shed in urine or milk, decreases fertility, diagnosed through maternal and decal serum and kidney and fluids, zoonotic risk

130
Q

campylobacteriosis (vibrosis) overview

A

venereal disease cattle to cattle sex, gram curved rod, zoonotic risk? jejuni, fetis sporadic abortions

131
Q

campylobacter pathogenesis

A

venereal transmission (contaminated bedding bulls, contaminated instruments AI or semen
organism invades cervixand uterus
endometritis and placentits with necrosis of cotyledons
early embryonic death
carrier stage is variable length

132
Q

campylobacter clinical signs

A

temporary infertility, death of late embryo/early fetus, sporadic abortions around 4-8 month gestation, repeat breeders, dairy cattle irregular estrous cycles, beef cattle small calf crops and prolonged calving season
bulls are asymptomatic, older bulls>carriers preputial and penile epithelial crypts

133
Q

campylobacter diagnosis

A

herd hx, fluorescent antibody, dark field microscope, culture-fastidious

134
Q

campylobacter control

A

AI
bull management: testing
vaccination: bulls, heifers ,cows, oil-adjuvant vs aluminum hydroxide bacterins, duration of protection vs side effects
treatment: antimicrobial therapy for bulls

135
Q

brucellosis

A

brucella abortus
gram cocobacillus
cooperative state federal brucellosis eradication program: since 1934 because major zoonotic risk and all states free in commercial herds but prevalent in wildlife especially Yellowstone

136
Q

brucellosis pathogenesis

A

ingestion of bacteria in aborted fetuses, fetal membranes and uterine discharge, regional lymphnodes, bacteria mammary glands, uterus, chronic palcentitis, endotoxemia, fetal death and autolysis, variable incubation period incubation period variable inversely related to gestation (exposed earlier in gestation then takes longer)

ingestion of bacteria in aborted fetus, fetal membranes and uterine discharge –> entry through mucous membranes, wounds, venereal transmission (rare) –> regional LN, bacteremia, mammary glands, uterus (2nd trimester) –> chronic placentitis endotoxemia fetal death and autolysis (after 5th month)

137
Q

brucellosis diagnosis

A

samples for isolation: fetal abomasal fluid, lung, placenta, uterine fluid, milk
serologic tests, smears, culture, fluorescent antibody
placentitis

138
Q

brucellosis control

A

vaccination: breeding heifers <1yo, RB51 vaccine (live), differentiates between field strain-infected and vaccinated cattle, old vaccine-strain 19 vaccine
vaccination of pregnant animals, abortion and zoonotic risk
screening programs: milk ring attest (dairies), blood test at salebarn/slaughter, herd testing (slaughter of infected) interstate transport

139
Q

brucellosis zoonotic risk

A

raw milk consumption, handling aborted fetus/uterine fluids, vaccination, orchitis, arthritis, undulant fever

140
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 overview

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
endemic in cattle- frequently diagnosed
abortion storms followed by respiratory and conjunctival disease
latent infections: trigeminal and sacral root ganglia, carrier for life

141
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 pathogenesis

A

exposed to respiratory reproductive or ocular secretions, viremia, placentitis, abortions 2nd-3rd trimester variable time after exposure autolyzed fetus placental edema

142
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 clinical signs

A

sporadic abortions (storms if suseptible herd) oustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, necrotizing oophoritis

143
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 dignosis

A

herd hx, viral isolation, immunofluorescent staining or immunohistochemistry (kidney, liver, adrenal, placenta) serology (difficult to differentiate between vaccination and natural infection, paired serum sample)

144
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 control

A

vaccination! MLV approved for pregnant cattle only if previously vaccinated prior to breeding, annual revaccination, abortions possible, temporary infertility-follicular necrosis in naive animals timing is critical, also killed and intranasal vaccines

145
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 virus basics

A

widespread in cattle populations, non cytoplasmic type 1 and type 2, clinical signs vary according to time of exposure, persistently infected animals (survival of virus, immunosuppression)

pathogenesis: contact (ingestion) -> viremia -> fetal infection

146
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 clinical signs in calves

A

microphthalmia, hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia, hypomyelination, alopecia, growth retardation

147
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 repro signs

A

insidious repro performance reduction to abortion storms, early embryonic death (ovarian dysfunction, uterine inflammation, direct damage to embryo) depending on time of infection can have reabsorption, mummification or expulsion

148
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 diagnosis

A

serology: infection vs vaccination
virus isolation- fetus: fluorescent antibody liver, kidney
PI animal identification (persistently infected): ELISA <4mo ear notch >4mo serum

149
Q

bovine herpesvirus-1 control

A

closed herd, testing of herd PI animals, vaccination (decrease disease wont prevent fetal infection all the time)

150
Q

cryobiology

A

studyof the effect of very low temps on living organisms for biological system
minimum of -100*C

151
Q

supercooling and seeding

A

supercooling = highly unstable, lower the temp increased chance of ice nucleation
seeding critical to embryo survival
in solutions with cryoprotectants solutions may be 10C below freezing point before ice nucleation occurs
inconsistent cooling profiles from embryo to embryo
seeding should occur at -6C and not while ramping to lower temps

152
Q

decreasing temps

A

more crystalization

153
Q

isotonic solutions

A

no movement of water

154
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

loss of water

155
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

gain of water into cell

156
Q

cryopreservation cooling rate

A

as ice crystals form, embryo is constantly equilibrating to the changing medium
cooling rate must be sufficiently slow to allow equilibrium and dehydration of the embryo
rapid cooling will trap water inside cells of the embryo which can crystalize = embryo death

157
Q

cryopreservation sources of injury

A

low temps: alters biochemical reactions, changes physical properties of cell membranes
crystallization of water: dehydration of cells, distortion or damage of cell membranes, solution effects

158
Q

how to they (embryos) survive in cryopreservation?

A

cryoprotectants! decrease ice formation, maintain cell volume, limit macromolecular denaturation
ex: alcohols (adonitol, ethylene glycol, glycerol) amines, inorganic sulfates, macromolecules, sugars, DMSO

159
Q

top 3 cryoprotectants

A

ethylene glycol (1.5M), glycerol (10%), DMSO

160
Q

decreasing ice formation in cryopreservation

A

osmotic pressure: dehydrating cells, cell permeability less to CPA than water, decreases solute concentration in cells
freezing point depression: 1 mole of solute per kg h2O decreases freezing point by -1.86 C

161
Q

penetrating cryoprotectants

A

glycerol DMSO ethylene glycol: diffuse across membranes and exchange for cell water, maintain cell volumes, prevent fracturing of cell membranes hardened during freezing

162
Q

non-penetrating CPAs

A

prevent excessive swelling of cell by drawing water out, typically sugars, do not move across membranes in relevant time frame

163
Q

cryopreservation thawing

A

critically important that it be done correctly, most injuries occur during thawing, slow freeze slow thaw
for vitrification thaw as quickly as possible

164
Q

vitrification vs controlled rate freezing

A

controlled rate “slow” freezing: prevent ice crystal formation within the cell and thin layer of media surrounding cell
vitrification: prevent ice crystal formation within the cell and in all surrounding media

165
Q

embryo transfer and disease

A

can be used to circumvent disease such as brucellosis and johnes disease

166
Q

sexing semen

A

separating sperm that are x and y bearing
sexed will have lower preg rates, damaged during sorting

167
Q

sexing embryos

A

PCR to amplify the Y chromosome, decreases efficiency of embryo freezing and increase embryonic mortality

168
Q

cloning (manipulating embryos)

A

asexual reproduction, creating genetically identical organisms, nuclear transplantation in ovum, copying an animal genetically

169
Q

methods of cloning

A

separation of blastomeres, splitting embryos, nuclear transplantation into ovum, fusion of ovum and small cell
can be used to help endangered species

170
Q

cloning practical breeding purposes

A

cloned females will pass on their mitochondrial genes to their offspring via oocyte cytoplasm, males whether cloned or not do not pass on mitochondrial genes to their offspring
identical twins triplets etc are natural clones manufactured clones will be less identical

171
Q

cloning cell fusion

A

success low and variable placentas often abnormal some calves are epigenetically abnormal
serial cloning will increase percent abnormal

172
Q

cloning uses outside conventional cattle breeding

A

“spare parts”
use somatic cell nucleus, make embryo, differentiate tissue without making fetus, will not be rejected immunologically, 10+ yr horizon

173
Q

logical framework for breeding program design

A

goal –> breeding objective = what to change –> selection criteria = what to measure –> breeding scheme design (who to measure) –> dissemination system = what to do with good ones –> mating plan –> economic analysis = what is net worth of change

174
Q

dairy evaluation and net merit

A

important traits to look at is productive life, daughter preg rate, CAS, heifer conception rate, cow conception rate

175
Q

economically relevant traits ERT

A

traits that are directly associated with a revenue stream or cost of production of a commercial producer

176
Q

indicator traits

A

traits that add accuracy to the prediction of ERT by pleiotropy
ultimately our goal should be to improve what improves our profitability
ex: measure of scrotal size with larger scrotal size meaning younger age of puberty and increase heifer preg rate

177
Q

heritability

A

tells us how important BV is to performance
the ratio of the two variances
when heritability is low an animals own performance is not likely to be a good indicator of its breeding

178
Q

factors that determine rate of genetic progress

A

genetic variability, generation interval, selection intensity, accuracy of selection

179
Q

how does fertility relate to toher traits

A

profit influenced by a multitude of traits, genetic correlations and how there might be correlated response to selection
two areas of concern: carcass selection & feed intake selection

180
Q

partial budget

A

return on investment, is what you need to spend to make the change coming back as a profit

cost of adding a nutrient vs return in specific parameters
ex: lose 60d of milk and higher feed cost vs gain in milk production over productive lifetime

181
Q

achievable rate vs alarm rate

A

achievable rate should be goals that the farm wants to get to and alarm rate is when you should be considered how high the numbers are

182
Q

he sustainability of our food systems requires balancing multiple important criteria

A

environment: footprints, ecosystem services/biodiversity, multi-functionality of land use, considering animal feed use from human edible standpoint
social: nutritional quality, human health, animal welfare, antibiotic technology use
economic: producer economic viability, contributions to rural economies, affordability of food to consumers

183
Q

climate vs weather

A

weather is short term vs climate is over long periods at least 30 yrs

184
Q

greenhouse gases examples

A

water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide

185
Q

cattle contribution to global warming

A

feed production of 3.3 gigatonnes
livestock production 3.5 gigatonnes w/ beef being 2.9 gigatonnes

186
Q

more beef produced per animal reflects systems efficiency

A

influences on beef produced per live animal: yield per animal, time to finish, repro efficiency, animal morbidity and mortality

187
Q

sustainability bottom line

A

sustainability issues beyond greenhouse gas emission are critical and filled with value judgments (health nutrition climate and ethical questions are converged)
global cattle production = 9% of global GHG emission (beef 6% dairy 3%
repro efficiency is critical to optimizing productive life and diluting whole system maintenance enrgy/nutrient costs relative to beef milk production
ruminants make unique contributions to our food system via upcycling and ecosystem services

Meat Science Exam 3 (3 decks)

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