Bottom Up - Offender Profling

Question 1

Who came up with bottom up approach

Answer 1

Canter

Question 2

What does bottom up approach look for

Answer 2

Looks for consistencies in offenders behaviours during the crime

Question 3

Process of bottom up approach

Answer 3

No initial assumption is made about the individual until statistical analysis has been carried out using correlational techniques

Question 4

Why is bottom up approach more objective

Answer 4

Because it’s heavily based on computer databases being accurate

Question 5

Canter aim

Answer 5

To test reliability of top-down typology by applying them to 100 cases

Question 6

Canter procedure

Answer 6

Content analysis of 100 serial killers from USA

Question 7

Findings canter

Answer 7

Twice as many disorganised crimes identified suggesting disorganised offenders are easier to identify

Question 8

Conclusion canter

Answer 8

It would be better to look at differences between offenders because all crimes have both an organised and disorganised element to them

Question 9

3 types of investigative psychology

Answer 9

• interpersonal coherence
• forensic awareness
• smallest space analysis

Question 10

Def interpersonal coherence

Answer 10

Belief that people’s behaviour is consistent, therefore link between criminal behaviour and daily behaviour

Question 11

Def forensic awareness

Answer 11

Individuals who may have knowledge of forensic measures to help avoid exposure

Question 12

Def smallest space analysis

Answer 12

Statistical procedure that will look for patterns and consistencies in the new crime compared to previous crime already in the data base

Question 13

2 aspects of statistical analysis

Answer 13

Investigative psychology

Geographic profiling

Question 14

3 aspects of geographic profiling

Answer 14

Centre of gravity and jeopardy surface
Circle theory
Marauders and commuters

Question 15

Centre of gravity and jeopardy surface meaning

Answer 15

Plotting previous crimes can help locate the base of operations and where next

Question 16

Circle theory def

Answer 16

Plot the points in which the crimes take place, crimes will fit into the circle giving them insight into future attacks

Question 17

Marauders vs commuters def

Answer 17

Predicting style of movement adopted by criminals
Marauders - same area
Commuters - change areas

Question 18

3 evaluation of bottom up

Answer 18

Strength - supporting evidence from danger and haritage
Strength - used for wider variety of cases
Weakness - flaws in circle theory

Question 19

Elaboration strength - supportive evidence

Answer 19

• talk about evidence from canter
• heritage conducted content analyses of 66 assault cases using smallest space analysis
• found several characteristics which we common across all crimes
• support investigative psychology as shows statistics are useful

Question 20

Elaboration strength - used for wider variety of cases

Answer 20

Eg burglary murder and race

• allows for geographical profiling of offenders that aren’t able to be classified based on typologies
• application - can be used in many good ways

Question 21

Elaboration weakness - flaws in circle theory

Answer 21

• suggest base of operations is in middle of circle
• this isn’t always the case
• time wasting suggesting data produced in geographic profiling is too simplistic