Bottom Up Approach

Question 1

Explain the bottom up approach

Answer 1

Generating a picture of the offender ( characteristics, routine, social background)
Data driven approach engaging in deeper & rigorous scrutiny of details in the offence

Question 2

Explain investigative psychology

Answer 2

• matches details from the crime scene with statistical analysis of typical offender behaviour patterns
• forensic awareness - describes an offender who may have previously been interrogated causing them to be more cautious at crime scene

Question 3

Explain interpersonal coherence

Answer 3

The way an offender acts at a crime scene, reflecting their everyday situations

Question 4

Explain geographical profiling

Answer 4

• crime scene location used to find base of offender ( crime mapping)
• offenders tend to restrict themselves to areas familiar (spatial consistency)
• used to create hypothesis + modus operandi

Question 5

Canter & Larkin 2 offender models

Answer 5

1. Marauder - close proximity to home
2. Commuter - travels away from home

Commuters create a pattern of locations forming a circle around offenders residence
more apparent the more offences

Question 6

Strength
- evidence supporting investigative psych

Answer 6

Canter - conducted analysis of 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis. Several behaviours identified in most cases
Can help establish whether 2+ offences were committed by the same person

Question 7

Strength
- evidence supports geographical profiling

Answer 7

Canter - collated information from 120 murder cases in US. Smallest space analysis revealed spatial consistency - centre of gravity

Offenders go in different directions when dumping body’s slowly creating a circle around the home base

Question 8

Limitation
- geographical profiling may be insufficient alone

Answer 8

• Recording crime isn’t always accurate & 75% crimes aren’t reported to police
• Even if data is correct, other factors matter e.g timing of offence + age experience of offender