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Question 1

ketone to alcohol

Answer 1

reducing bonds to oxygen = reduction = NaBH4 and makes secondary alcohols

Question 2

Aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 2

Reduction - reducing bonds to oxygen from double to single = NaBH4

Question 3

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 3

oxidation = Cr2O72-/H+ (reflux) increases bonds to oxygen = Cr ion gets reduced

Question 4

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 4

secondary alcohol only due to O in middle = oxidation = Cr2O72-/H+ + heat - no reaction with tollens

Question 5

Alcohol to Aldehyde

Answer 5

oxidation primary alcohol = Cr2O72-/H+ - cold

Question 6

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

Answer 6

Oxidation - Cr2O72-/H+ reflux

Question 7

carboxylic acid to carboxylate ion

Answer 7

NH3 (warm) Acid + base reaction = carboxylate ion + NH4+

Question 8

carboxylate ion to amide

Answer 8

heat - substitution

Question 9

ester to amide

Answer 9

Hydrolysis NH3 (alc)

Question 10

ester to alcohol

Answer 10

hydrolysis h20/H+

Question 11

ester to carboxylate ion

Answer 11

hydrolysis - alcohol

Question 12

ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 12

hydrolysis H2O/H+

Question 13

carboxylic acid to acid chloride

Answer 13

substitution SOCl2 reflux

Question 14

acid chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 14

substitution H2O

Question 15

acid chloride to amide

Answer 15

substitution NH3 (alc) warm

Question 16

carboxylate ion to amide

Answer 16

substitution heat

Question 17

amide to carboxylate ion

Answer 17

Hydrolysis NaOH (NH3)

Question 18

amide to carboxylic acid

Answer 18

Hydrolysis H3O+ (NH4+)

Question 19

acid chloride to ester

Answer 19

condensation (ethanol) violent reaction to water

Question 20

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 20

condensation water

Question 21

aldehyde to ester

Answer 21

condensation primary alcohol

Question 22

amide to polyamide

Answer 22

polymerisation