Botany Flashcards
The relationships among population growth, natural resources consumption, and environmental degradation are
Complex
Humans and other animals depend on plants to produce food by?
Photosynthesis
The Scientric study of Plants
Botany
Botanikos means
Botanical
involves te origin, diversity. structure and internal processes of plants relationships with other organisms and nonliving physical
environment
Botany
In french, Botanique means
Botanical
Botanical study of drugs, spices and poisonous plants
Pharmaceutical Botany
Boskein means
To feed
Deals with the description, naming and classification of plants
TAXONOMY
Botane means
Plant or herb
Botanikos means
Botanical
Asking a question, formulating a hypothesis - conducting experiments-developing a theory
Scientific method
Describes the procedures of developing and testing hypothesis
Scientific method
Experimentation observation - verifying or discarding of information
Scientific procedures
Tentative, unproven explanation for something that has been observed. Testing will determine whether it is correct or
incorrect.
Hypothesis
iAn educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation
Hypothesis
Good experiments are run in two
forms. What are they?
Variables and Control
Good experiments are run in two
forms. What are they?
Variables and Control
Formulation of a useful generalization
Principle
What are the 4 major periods of plant evolution?
Bryophytes
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plant adaptations
Adaptation to water
Adaptation to air
Adaptation to extreme dryness
Plant adaptations
Adaptation to water
Adaptation to air
Adaptation to extreme dryness
Study of organisms and their environment.
Ecology
Branch of science devoted to the mitigation of environmental damage.
Restoration ecology
What are the 10 DOH approved medicinal plants
Akapulko (Cassia Alata)
Ampalaya (memordica indica)
Bawang (Allium Sativum)
Bayabas (Psidium guajava)
Lagundi (vitex negundo)
Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis Indica L.)
Sambong (Bluemea balsamifera)
Tsaang gubat (carmona etusa/ Ehretia microphylla Lam.)
Ulasimang bato ( Peperomia Pellucida)
Yerba buena (Mentha Cordifelia)
the study of renewing a degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystem through active human intervention
restoration ecology
first identified and coined in the late 1980s by John Aber and William
Jordan
Restoration ecology
They were the first to identify and coined Restoration Ecology in 1980’s?
John Aber and William
Jordan
They were the first to identify and coined Restoration Ecology in 1980’s?
John Aber and William
Jordan
Akapulko scientific name
Cassia alata
Use of Cassia Alata
Used to treat ring worms and skin fungal infections
Bayabas scientific name
Psidium Guajava
Allium Sativum is?
Bawang or garlic
Bayabas is jsed gor?
to disinfect wounds.
Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to treat tooth decay and gum infection.
Memordica Charantia is used for?
a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.
Memordica Charantia is used for?
a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.
Vitex negundo is used gor?
for the relief of coughs and asthma.
English name of lagundi
5-leave chaste tree
What is qualisquilis indica L. Conmon name?
Niyog-niyogan
Niyog niyoga is used for?
the elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina.
Sambong or?
Blumea balsamifera
Blumea balsamifera is used for what?
A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. used in an edema.
Tsaang gubat scientaigic name?
Carmona Retusa/Ehretia microphylla Lam.
Tsaang gubat or Carmona Retusa/Ehretia microphylla Lam.
effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content.
Ulasimang bato or?
Peperomia Pellucida
Yerba buena or?
Mentha cordifelia
Peperomia Pellucida Commonly known as?
Pansit pansitan or ulasimang bato
Yerba buena is used for?
used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain.
Plants that are adaptive to very dry environment are called?
XEROPHYTES
Plants that grow on other plants?
Epiphytes
important in cell movement
Unbranched thin, hollow. twelike structures that resembles tiny straw
Composed of tubulins.
Cytoskeleton
Networks of fibers that provides structures to cells
Cytoskeleton
Two types of fibers
Microtubules and Microfilaments
Two types of fibers
Microtubules and Microfilaments
Control he addition of cellulose to the cell wall and is involved in the cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organellas, control of the movement of vesicles and movoment of the tiny, whiplike flogella and cilo possessed by some cells.
Microtubules
hairlike extensions of the colls that ald in
locomotion:
Cilia
longer than the cilia, occur in smaller
numbers
Flagella
Microtubules are composed of proteins called
Tubulins
They are unbranched thin hollow, tubelike structure that resembles liny straws
Microtubules
Plays a major role in the contraction and movement of
cells in multicellular anim als and is present in near all cells
Microfilaments
They are 3-ax thinner than microtubulos.
Microfilaments
A comparatively nigid supporting wall axterior to tho plasma membrane in plants, fungi prokaryotes and
certain profist.
Cell wall
a coating secreted by the cell
Cell Wall
contain certain oxidativo enzymes that are responsible for breaking such fatty acids into simpler forms
Peroxomes
Support and protects each plant cell white providing routes for water and dissolved matorials to pass to and from the cell
Cell wall
Provides strength to the entire plants
Cell wall
When the cells divide they go through an orderly serios of events it is divided into
Interphase and Mitosis
The stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions
Interphase
hase of the cell cycle where the cells grows and makes a copy of its DNA
Interphase
First gap phase. it is the time between the end of the previous cell division and the beginning of
DNA replication
G1 phase
Interphase is subdivided into 3 periods. What are they?
G1, S, G2
Lengthy and begins immediately after a nucleus has
divided
G1 phase
Process of DNA replication takes placo.
S phase
Synthesis phase
S phase
Synthesis phase
S phase
Second gap phase, increased protein synthesis occurs
G2 phase
organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
Cell prepares for mitosis
G2 phase
colls carry out metabolic activities to prepare for
tho s phase
G1 phase
colls carry out metabolic activities to prepare for
tho s phase
G1 phase
The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclel each with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis
Refers to the division of the nuclous alone, but with a lew exceptions seen in algae and fung
Occurs in the cell untit it dies.
Mitosis
Flawering plants conifers and higher plants mitosis occurs in specific regions, or tissues are called
Meristems
Phase of the cell cycle where the cell separates its
DNA into two sets and divides, forming two new cells.
Mitosis
Before Prophase, band is formed from microtubutes and microfilaments Insido the plasma membrano, develops in a narrow bundie around the nuclous
Preprophase
Its main features are
- The chr&mosomes become shorter and thicker, and their two-stranded nature bocomos apparent
2 The nuclear envelope dissociates. and the nucleolus disintegrates
Prophase
Function in the formation of the spindle
fiber during cell division and consist of a cylinder with fine microtubules arranged peripherally in a circle
Centriole
the centriole-containing region of clo cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus
Centrosome
cleavage of cytoplasm into daughter
cells following nuclear division
Cytokinesis
Chrom Ssomos condense and become visible
Spindle fibers emerge “ from the chromosome
Nuclear envelope breaks
down
Centrosomes movo
lowards opposito poles
Prophase
{chromosomes continue to
condense
Pro metaphase
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
Prometaphase
The main feature is the allgnment of
the chromosomes in a circlo midway between the two polos around the circumferico of the spindle
Metaphase
Chromosomes are lined up at this phase
Metaphase
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindio fiber originaling form opposite poles
Metaphase
Briefest of the phases involves the
Sister chromatids of each chromosomo separatio and moving to opposite poles.
Anaphase
All of the chromosomes separate and
move at the sai timo
Anaphase
Five min features
1 Each group of daughter chiremosomes becomes surrounded by a reformed nuclei envelope
2. Daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner and finally indistinguishable
3. Nucleoli reappear
4. Many of the spindle fibers disinteorale
5. Cell plates form.
Telophase
It absorb water and minerals in ition mostly through feeder roots found in the upper meter of the soil.
Roots
How Roots Develop:
Seed germinate-tiny rootlike radicle part of embryo within it grows out and develops into new root.
How Roots Develop:
Seed germinate-tiny reptlike radicle part of embryo within it grows out and develops into new root.
Twd Types Root:
Taproot
Adventitious
thick, tapered from which thinner branch roots arise.
Taproot
arise from stem, attached to the radicle and continuous with it.
they develop from a stem or leaf instead from another root
Adventitious
It is the main root growing
deep into the soil. A root fem consisting of ono prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it.
This is a characteriStics of many eudicots and gymnosperms.
Taproot
(or fibrous root/is made up of a group of roots of similar size and similar shapes.
Adventitious roots
Examples of taproots
Gabi, carrots, radish
Have large numbers of fine roots od similar diameter then es velops from adventitious roots.
Fibrous root system
one seed leaf (corn, rice) have fibrous root systems
Monocotyledonous plants
A root system consisting of several adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from the base of the stem
Fibrous root system
It has Four Regions or Zones
Three of which are not sharply defined at their boundaries.
The cells of each region gradually develop the form of those of the next recion.
Root structure
Root region:
1 Root Cap
2. The Region of Cell Division
3. The Region of Elongation
4. The Region of Maturation
A covering of cells over the root tip that protects the delicate meristematic tissue directly behind it
Root cap
It protect from damage the delicate tissue behind it as the young root tip pushes through often angular and abrasive soil particles.
Root caps
plastids that contain starch grains. Acts as gravity sensors, collecting on the sides of root cap cells facing the direction of gravitational force
Amyloplast
Composed of thimble-shaped mass of parenchyma cells covering the tip of each roots
Root cap
The division are often rhythmic, reaching a peak once or twice each day, usually oward noon and midnight, with relatively quiescent intermediate periods. Cells in this region are mostly cubical, with relatively large, more or less centrally located nuclel and a few very small vacuoles
The Region of cell division
The apical meristem soon
subdivides into three
meristematic areas. What are they?
Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procamblum
The apical meristem soon
subdivides into three
meristematic areas. What are they?
Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procamblum
appears as a solid cylinder in the center of the root, produces primary xylem and primary phloem.
Procamblum
gives rise to an outer layer of the cells, the epidermis
Protoderm
to the Inside if the protoderm, produces
parenchyma cells of the cortex,
The ground meristem
which originates from the ground meristem. is generally present in stems but is absent in most dicot roots
Pith (parenchyma) Tissue
It merges with apical meristem that extends about 1cm or less from the the of the root.
The tiny vacuoles merge and grow until one or two large vacuoles occupying up to 90% of the cell.
The Region of Elongation
Where the cells mature or differentiate into the various distinctive cell types of the primary tissues.
(The Region of Maturation)
Region of Differentiation or
Root-hair zone
thin enough in the
rot hairs and epideral cells of
cells mostly store food
roots in the region of maturation to allow water to be absorbed but still sufficient to protect against invasion by fungi or bacteria.
The cuticle
is composed of parenchyma
cells mostly store food
The cortex
inner boundary of cortex composed of suberin and lignin.
The endodermis
Found on radial and transverse cells.
Casparian strips
They prevent water from passing through otherwise permeable or porous cell wails.
Casparian strips
this regulates the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the root to the stems and leaves.
Plasmodesmata
They prevent water from passing through otherwise permeable or porous cell walls
Casparian strips
They served as The bridges between two plant cells
Plasmodesmata
core of tissues that is inside the endodermis.
Vascular cylinder
Important layer of
parenchyma tissue that is one cell wide.
They continue to divide even if they have matured. Lateral or branch roofs and part of the vascular cambium or dicots arise within this area.
Pericycle
In woody plants, what arises in the pericycle outside of the vascular cambium and gives rise to the cork tissue (periderm)
Cork cambium
-growth that stops after an organ such as flower or leaf is truty expanded or after plant has reached a certain size
Determinate Growth
occurs in tress and other perennials where new tissues are added indefinitely, season after seasons.
Indeterminate Growth
SPECIALIZED ROOTS
Food storage roots
Pneumatophores
Aerial roots
Parasitic roots
Water storage roots
Propagative roots
Contractile roots
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
Characteristica of plants that grow in arid regions e -Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
Apparently used by the plants when supply in soil is Inadequate.
Water storage roots
or yams and sweet potatoes extra cambial cells develop in parts of the xylera of the branch roots and produce parenchyma cells-organs swell and provide storage areas for large amounts of starch and other carbohydrates (deadly poisonous water hemlocks, dandelions and in salsify)
Food storage roots
Produce adventitious buds (appearing in pbces other than the stems) along
the roots that grow near the surface of the ground
Propagative roots
The buds develop into aerial stems called suckers (have additional rootlets at their base). The root suckers can be separated from the original root and grown individually. E. Cherries, apples pears and other fruit trees.
Propagative roots
Spongy roots that develop due to plants that grow with their roots in water that have no enough oxygen available for normal respiration in the root cell. E g swamp plants and the yellow water weed.
Pneumatophores
Velamen roots of crchids, prop reats of corn and banyan trees, edventitious roots of ivies and photosynthetic roots of certain crchids.
Aerial roots
It extends above the water’s surface and enhance gas exchange between the atmosphere and the subsurface roots to which they are connected.
Pneumatophores
Pull the plant deeper into the soil
Continue to pull down until an area of relatively stable temperature is reached.
Contractile roots
Some tropical trees have these growing in shallow oils toward the base of the trunk, giving them great stability
Buttress roots
They have no chtrophyll and have become dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants for their nutrition.
Dodders, broomrapes and pinedrops
that develop along the stem In contact with the host. They penetrate the outer tissues and establish connections with the xylem and phioem. E.g. Indian warrior and mistletoe
Haustoria-peglike projections
organisms that lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients from organic matter is most appropriately used to describe the way many fungi obtain nutrition.
Saprophyte
grow on other plants
and obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain. sag. orchids
Epiphytes
parasite of fungi in the soil, E.g. Indian pipe
Epiparasite
obtains some or all of its carbon from fungus rather than from photosynthesis. E.g. Indian pipe
Myco-heterotroph
Mutualistic association of roots and fungus
Mycorrhizae
found in trees like pines and oaks
Ectotrophic
found in trees like pines and oaks
Ectotrophic
hyphae invades celis of the corlex and a mantle is not present.
Woody and herbaceous plants.
Endotrophic
small swellings from the association of rost bacteria and plants such as from the Legume Family (Fabaceae) - peas, beans, alfalfa and few other plants such as alders,
Root nodules
Dynamic, complex, constantly changing part of the earth’s crust that extends Tom a few centimeters deep in some places to hundreds of meters deep in others
Soil
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
- Climate change
- Parent material
- Topography of the area
- Vegetation
- Living organisms
- Time
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
- Climate change
- Parent material
- Topography of the area
- Vegetation
- Living organisms
- Time
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
- Climate change
- Parent material
- Topography of the area
- Vegetation
- Living organisms
- Time
upper layer usually extending down 10-20 centimeters
Top soil
10r 2 meters in an undisturbed area.
Horizons
darker and upper potion
A Horizon
Lighter and lower
portion
E Horizon
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
10 centimeters; soil parent material and extends down to bedrock
C horizon
composed of many small particles bound together chemically or by a cementing matrix.
Sand
consists of particles that are mostly too small to be seen without a lens or a microscope.
Silt
particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen through a powerful light microscope
Clay
individual clay particies
Micelles
individual clay particies
Micelles
Best agricultural solls
Loam
Mixture of sard, clay and organic matter.
o Better loams: 40% silt. 40% sand, and 20% clay
Loam
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
- High clay content
Heavy soil
- High clay content
Heavy soil
-Larger particles. porous, and don’t refain much water
Coarse soils
High water content and allow little water to pass through.
Clay soils
physically bound to the soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Hygroscopic water
drains out of the pore spaces after a rain
Gravitational water
Were plant are mainly dependent. Water that held against the force of gravity, in pores of the soil
Capillary water
water remaining after such draining. Mainly governed by the texture of the soil.
Field capacity
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point
Soil water between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Available water
Affects the soil and the plants.
Unusually acidic or alkaline
Toxic to the roots of other plants and mycorrhizae do not survive in soils with pH extremes
Soil pH
minerals such as copper, iron and manganese to become less available to plants
Alkalinity
If high enough, inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Acidity
common agricultural practice to counteract soil acidity by adding calcium or magnesium
Liming
makes alkaline soils acidic
Sulfur
Singular: mitochondrion
Mitochondria
An intercellular organelle associated with respiration: provides cells with atp
Mitochondria
Found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Cristae
The fluid inside the mitochondrial membrane
Matrix
Contains ribosome, rna, dna, proteins and dissolved substances
Matrix
It is where energy is teleased from organic molecules by the process of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
Ellipsoidal in shape. Known as the protein manufacturing center of the cells
Ribosomes
A cellular organelle that is a site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
An organelle composed of an intervonnected network of internal membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Er:
Rough ER:
S er: lacks ribosomes
R er: associated with ribosomes
Lipid synthesis
Smooth Er
Synthesis, secretion, or storage of proteins
Rough er
Composed of stack of flattened membronous sacs that modifies packages, and sorts proteins that will be secreted or sent to the plasma membrane or other organelles
Golgi apparatus
Known as the post office of the cells
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus is known as
Dictyosome
Tiny blister-like bodies, sac that contains cellular products
Vesicles
Maintains cells shape and making it turgid
Vacuole
Water-soluble pigments which are blue purple or red pigments that is responsible for the colors of the flowers
Anthocyanins
Watery fluid instead de the vacuole wihich helps maintain pressures within yhe cells and contains dissolved substances such as salts, sugars, organic acids, and small quantities of soluble proteins
Cell sap
They occupy 90% volume of the cells
Vacuole
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
composed of many small particles bound together chemically or by a cementing matrix.
Sand
consists of particles that are mostly too small to be seen without a lens or a microscope.
Silt
particles are so tiny that they cannot be
seen through a powerful light microscope
Clay
individual clay particles
Micelles
Best agricultural soil
Loam
Best agricultural soil
Loam
Best agricultural soil
Loam
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
High clay content
Heavy soil
High clay content
Heavy soil
Mixture of sand, clay and organic matter.
Loam
-Larger particles. porous, and don’t refain much water
Coarse soils
Better loams: 40% silt. 40% sand, and 20% clay
Loams
High water content and allow little water to pass through.
Clay soils
physically bound to the soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Hygroscopic water -
drains out of the pore spaces after a rain
Gravitational water -
Were plant are mainly dependent. Water that held against the force of gravity, in pores of the soil
Capillary water
water remaining after such draining. Mainly governed by the texture of the soil.
Field capacity
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
Soil water between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Avallable water -
Affects both the soil and the plants
Soil pH
Thrive in acidic conditions
Cranberries -
Unusually acidic or alkaline
Toxic to the roots of other plants and mycorrhizae do not survive in soils with pH extremes
Soil in pH
minerals such as copper, iron and manganese to become less available to plants
Alkalinity
If high enough, inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Acidity
common agricultural practice to counteract soil acidity by adding calcium or magnesium
Liming
Bacteria converts it to ___________. Same as what will occur when nitrogenous fertilizers are added
Sulfuric acid
makes alkaline soils acidic
Sulfur
Acis soil tend to be common in areas of high precipitation where significant amount of bases are leached from the topsoil.
Acidity
Factors that influenced the question.
Variables
A duplicate set-up, sample, or observation treated identically to the rest of the experiment except for the variable being tested.
Control
Group of generalizations that help us understand something
Theory
Can be changed or altered during an experiment.
Variables
bits of information
Data
Tentative, unproven explanation of something that has been observed. Testing will determine whether it is correct or incorrect.
Hypothesis
Experimentation observation = verifying or
discarding of information
Scientific procedure
Asking a question, formulating a hypothesis - conducting experiment - developing a theory.
Scientific method
Describes the procedure of developing and testing hypothesis.
Scientific method
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
Located at the interior of the chloroplast, a thin, flat, circular plates.
Thylakoid
jelly like fluid, which contains enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions of photosynthesis that convert CO2 to carbohydrate.
Stroma
A group of membrane-bounded organelles occurring in photosynthesis eukaryotic cells, includes chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts.
Plastids
(pl: grana) Stacks of thylakoid.
Granum
Develop through changes that include the disappearance of chlorophyll.
Chromoplast
They can synthesize chlorophyll and act like a chloroplast when exposed to light.
Leucoplast
Differ from chloroplasts in shape
Chromoplast
A plastid that have a photosynthetic function and occur in certain leaf and stem cells.
Chloroplast
synthesize starches
Amyloplasts
synthesize oils
elaioplasts
A colorless plastids that form and store starch, oils, and proteins, also includes amyloplasts which synthesize starches and elaioplasts, which synthesize oils
Leucoplast
Transport mostly water and
A few nutrients
Xylem cells
Transport nutrients that were made during photosynthesis
Phloem cells
It is like a combination of a computer program and a dispatcher that sends coded messages or
“blueprints” originating from DNA in the nucleus with information to be used on other parts of the cells
Nucleus
a watery solution high in sugar
Transport sap
The living surface membrane of a cell that act as a selective barrier to the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
- A threadlike material composed of protein and
DNA
Chromatin
involved in making and assembling the sub units of ribosomes.
Nucleoli
A granular appearing fluid, the interior of the nucleus that contains the DNA which is associated with certain protein molecules to form chromatin.
Nucleoplasm
By product when chromatin in cell division coils and thickens.
Chromosomes
link carbohydrates to both lipids and proteins on the outer surfaces of the membrane
Covalent bonds
A physical boundary that confines the contents of the cell to an internal compartment
Plasma membrane
Minute opening or passageway through the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear pores
Separates the nucleus from all other organelles. it contains the nuclear pores lined with protein molecules.
Nuclear envelope
Majority of cells in a plant Found in leaves and carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Stores starches
Parenchyma cells
The first structure observed by Hooke. It is the most obvious since it defines the shape of the cell.
Cell wall
Found beneath the epidermis of leaves are specialized for their function of Photosynthesis.
Thin walled cells
Main structural component of the cell wall and is the most abundant polymer on earth
Cellulose
Organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies.
Pectin
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
Form a thin layer on the surfaces of all plant organs,
Often have unusual shape and sizes.
Epidermal cells
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
Consists of layer of pectin, is first produced when new cell walls are formed cannot be viewed with an ordinary light microscope unless specially stained.
Middle lamella
Consists of layer of pectin, is first produced when new cell walls are formed cannot be viewed with an ordinary light microscope unless specially stained.
Middle lamella
- Proteins that have sugars associated with their
Molecules.
Glycoproteins
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
Hard cells
Main supporting cells in the areas of the plant that ceased growing
Dead, very thick cell walls
Schlerenchyma
Provide support to growing parts of a plant
Elongated, thick cell walls
Grow and change shape as plant grows
Collenchyma cells
Developed by Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, a
German Zoologist.
Cell theory
Every cells comes from a preexisting cell (‘omnis cellula e cellula’) and that there is no spontaneous generation of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
The theory states that “All living organisms are composed of cells and that cells have a unifying structural basis of organization.
Cell theory
- Pointed out that since cells come from preexisting cells, all cells in existence today trace their origins back to ancient cells.
August Weismann (1880)
- in 1871, he prove that natural alcoholic fermentation always involves the activity of yeast cells.
Louis Pasteur
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
A french scientist, proved Virchow’s claim on spontaneous generation. He used a swannecked flask, boiled media remained sterile indefinitely if microorganisms from the air were excluded from the media.
Louis Pasteur (1862)
The cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed and that all cells are derived from preexisting cells.
Cell theory
10 - 30 mcm
Animal Cell:
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
Consists of all living components of a cell which have a cell wall surrounding it.
Protoplasm
- Membrane where living components are bounded.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Consists all of the cellular components between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
CYTOPLASM
- Soap like fluid cytoplasm in which organelles are dispersed.
CYTOSOL
- Persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions in the cell.
ORGANELLES
Membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
DNA, double stranded and circular
Prokaryotic cells
Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Algae and protozoans
Eukaryotic cells
No membrane-bound nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
DNA, multiple molecules of double stranded linear DNA
Eukaryotic cells
eu =
karyon =
well or good;
nucleus)
pro
karyon
before
nucleus
Founded by Austrian Monk, Gregor Mendel (1822-
1884) who performed classic experiments with pea plants
GENETICS
Science of heredity
Study of the form and structure of the plants
Form and life cycles of plant sciences
Plant morphology
Discvered various tissues in stems and roots
Marcello malphigi 1628-1694
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
- deals with determining past climates by examining with and other features of tree rings.
Dendrochronology
He is the first to demonstrate that plants do not have the same nutritional needs as animals
J. B. van Helmont (1577-1644)
- deals with determining past climates by examining with and other features of tree rings.
Dendrochronology
Swedish Botanist Formed the system of naming and classifying of plants
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778);
Species Plantarum, published in
1753
Carolus Linnaeus
An English Physicist discovered the cell by examining a thin slices of cork found in stoppered wine bottles
ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
reported for 50 years on the organization of cells in a variety of plant tissues 1670’s, they also reported on the form and structure of single-celled organisms called as “animalcules”
Nehemiah Grew in England along with Anton van Leeuwenhoek
a German Botanist observed a smaller body in the nucleus that he called
“nucleolus”
Matthias Schleiden
French biologist, “no
Body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue”
Jean Baptiste de
Lamarck
Discovered that all relatively large body that he called the nucleus
Robert Brown
Discovered that all relatively large body that he called the nucleus
Robert Brown
Reinforce Lamarck’s conclusion that all animal and plant tissues are composed of cells of various kinds
Rene J. H Dutrochet
