Botanicals for IPV Flashcards
Avena sativa (Oat); Poaceae
Part— seed; groat (fibrous covering removed); ground/rolled (oatmeal)
Constituents— phenolics– aventhramides, flavonoids; indole alkaloid– gramine; phytic acid; polysaccharide– beta-glucan; sterols; vitamin E; starch; protein; lipids;
Actions— nervine tonic; antidepressant; nutritive; demulcent;
Other— antioxidant; hypo-cholesteremic; hypoglycemic; sedative; drug withdrawal– nicotine, opiate, anxiolytics;
Topical— dermatitis; eczema;
Microbiome— beta-glucans increase short-chain fatty acids; increase Bacteroides, decrease Firmicutes, Actinobacteria;
Glycemic Index— steel cut = 55; flake = 53; muesli-granola = 56; quick cook = 71; instant = 75;
Green oat extract— 800 – 1600 mg/d enhance speed of cognitive performance, working memory span;
Posology— ⌀ 10-30 gtt TID; infusion, steeped 10-20 minutes 1-3 cups QD; bath 100 g in 3 L, simmer 20 minutes, add to bath; nutritive gruel add Cinnamomum spp, dried Vitis spp.;
Pregnancy and Lactation— safe in pregnancy; lactation not studied;
Combinations— Lobelia inflata (1:1) 10-20 gtt with craving;
Eleuthrococcus senticosus; Araliaceae
Eleuthrococcus senticosus; Araliaceae
Part— root; root bark
Constituents— lignans; glycans; hydroxycoumarins; triterpene saponins; steroid glycosides– eleuthroside A, B; polysaccharides; flavonoids;
Actions— adaptogen; anticancer; anti-inflammatory;
Other— angina; chemo/radio therapy adjuvant; T2D; endurance; neuroprotective; enhance antibiotic use;
Posology— decoction 2-3 g TID; ⌀ 3-5 mL TID, 20-60 gtt TID;
Pregnancy and Lactation— safe;
Eleutheroside B
Humulus lupulus (Hops); Cannabinaceae
Part— strobile (female catkin)
Constituents— chalcones; oleo resin; flavanol glycosides; catechins—CG, ECG; tannins; volatile oils;
Actions— hypnotic; anti-inflammatory; bitter; nervine; sedative;
Other— antimicrobial– bacteria, fungi, viruses; cholagogue; hepatoprotective; anticancer; estrogenic; galactagogue; beer flavoring agent;
Anxiety— nervousness; dyspepsia; eructations; agitation; restlessness; exhaustion; brooding;
Addictions— wean from SSRI; benzodiazepines; opiates;
Pneumonia— chest fomentation;
Insomnia— strobiles into pillow before to sleep;
Posology— ⌀ 10-60 gtt TID; infusion 0.5 – 1.0 g in 250 mL water QD; ointment Datura stramonium leaf + strobiles in Ricinus communis topically BID;
Pregnancy and Lactation— avoid based on rat study; traditional used to support lactation;
Caution— susceptible may develop nausea; contact dermatitis in susceptible;
Interactions— none reported; all theoretical;
Combinations— Valeriana officinalis; Passiflora incarnata; Scutellaria lateriflora; Matricaria recutita;
Not only is this known for combating viruses i.e. HSV (1&2), Hepatatits, HIV, Influenza and bacteria i.e. Salmonella typhimurium, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Strep agalactiae (mastitis), S. phyogens (pharyngitis) to name a few it increases slow wave sleep in the sleep cycle 3 & 4. What is the name of this herb?
St. Johns Wart or Hypericum Perforatum
Part used: Flower; formerly Clusiaceae
Constituents:* Phenylpropanes, flavonol, biflavones, proanthocyanidins, xanthones, phloroglucinols, amino acids, naphthodianthrones, hypericin, pseudohypericin; bisanthroquinones; essential oils—pinene, alpha-pinene, beta-ocimene, beta- caryophyllene, germacrene; tannins; flavonols, quercetin, hyperoside, isoquercetin;
* Antibacterial—Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Strep agalactiae (mastitis), S. phyogens (pharyngitis) ,
* Oil—minor burns, wounds, skin inflammation,
- Mental-Emotional—depression; menopausal Sx, ADHD, somatic sx disorder (exaggerated anxiety re: physical sx); obsessive-compulsive disorders;
- Viruses—enveloped esp. with light, HIV-1, viral bronchitis, HSV-1 &2, influenza virus, Mo-MuLV (murine leukemia), duck hepatitis-B,
- Fungi—Microsporum gypsum, Tricophytum rubrum, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium vasiinfectum
- Smooth muscles—delayed rat gastric emptying
- Sleep—increases slow wave—stage 3 & 4; increased latency to REM, but no effect on sleep continuity, onset, duration, wake-up phases
- Depression—no adverse effect on sexual function
- Dose—300 mg TID (0.3% hypericin); tincture 30-60 gtt TID;
- Interactions—CYP3A4 (~ 50-60% of drugs);
e.g. alprazolam, SSRI, barbiturates, bupropion, statins, oral contraceptives, digitalis, warfarin, theophylline, HIV protease inhibitors (saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir), HIV non- nucleoside transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, nevirapine, delavirdine); à decreased drug dose - Caution—photosensitivity
- Combinations—viral/bacterial formula, mood
Lavendula angustifilia (Lavender); Lamiaceae
Nomenclature— L. officinalis;
Part— flower; leaf; fresh immature flower for essential oil (EO);
Constituents— volatile oils– linalool, linalyl, 1,8 cineol; beta-ocimene, terpinene-4-ol, camphor,…..; organic acids; terpenes;
Actions— sedative; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; antispasmodic; analgesic; relaxant;
Other— antibacterial; antifungal; carminative; insecticidal; digestive bitter;
Posology— 1-10 gtt in carrier oil, not water, diffuser, humidifier; Silexan ®️ (proprietary) 80-160 mg QD (anxiety);
Pregnancy and Lactation— no data; historically diffused;
CNS-– 80 mg QD as effective as lorazepam 0.5 mg QD L.a.; acts with GABA-A; lacks potential for abuse;
Matricaria recutita (Chamomile); Asteraceae
Part— flower; whole plant;
Constituents— azulenes; volatile oils; sesquiterpenes; phenolics– flavonoids; tannins; chlorogenic acid; coumarins; organic acids; EtOH extract have higher phenols, flavonoids;
Actions— sedative; vulnerary; analgesic;
Other— anticancer; antiemetic; antimicrobial; hepatoprotective; GI sedative; dysmenorrhea; insomnia; anti-biofilm;
Topical— carpal tunnel syndrome; conjunctivitis; eczema; gingivitis; mastitis; OA;
Posology— ⌀ 10-60 gtt TID; infusion 3 g in 250 mL water, add strained to bath adults and infants; standardized extract 1.2% apigenin 2-8 g QD; cream 3-10% extract PRN; EO 1-10 gtt in water or bath; eye wash from filtered infusion 1-10 gtt BID;
Caution— Asteraceae pollen allergy; allergic dermatitis when Anthemios cotula present;
Pregnacy and Lactation— no data; historically used for hyperemesis gravid;
Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm); Lamiaceae
Part— aerial parts;
Constituents— phenolics– tannins, flavanols (catechin, epicatechin); flavanol glycosides); terpenes; volatile oils;
Actions— antidepressant; antispasmodic;
Other— anticancer; antiepileptic; anti-inflammatory; antiviral (HSV); antibacterial; antioxidant; MSK sedative; neuroprotective;
Anxiety— increases GABA-A in brain and reduces cortisol; PMS; inhibits acetylcholine stimulation;
Posology— ⌀ 10-60 gtt TID; infusion 5-10 g dried or 10-20 g fresh steep covered 30 minutes; standardized extract 7% rosmarinic acid and 15% hydroxycinnamic acid 600 mg QD;
Pregnancy and Lactation— safe as infusion in pregnancy; no data on lactation but likely safe;
Caution— TSH antagonist, decreases TSH binding on receptor;
Nepeta cataria (Cat Nip); Lamiaceae
Part— leaf, flower;
Constituents— terpenes; flavonoids; iridoid glycosides; organic acids; bitter; tannin; volatile oils;
Actions— sedative; antispasmodic; antimicrobial;
Other— insect repellant; bitter; nervine;
Inflammation— URTI; spastic cough;
Spasm— GI upset; colic; diarrhea;
External— hemorrhoids; OA joints;
Posology— ⌀ 10-60 gtt TID; infusion 2-4 g per cup water, for infant administer using a dropper TID; solid extract 760 mg TID;
Pregnancy and Lactation— no data; considered emmenagogue; often used as a nursing tea for galactagogue and maternal relaxing properties;
Caution— excellent mosquito repellant but attracts cats of all species and sizes; (i.e. lions, tigers, bobcats)
Scutellaria lateriflora; Lamiaceae
Part— aerial parts; harvested during flowering;
Constituents— volatile oils; tannins; bitters; flavonoids– flavone glycosides; dihydropyranocoumarins; melatonin; serotonin;
Actions— anxiolytic; anticonvulsant; antioxidant;
Other— nervine relaxant; nervine tonic; antispasmodic; cardioprotective; anti-prion; dysmenorrhea;
MSK— seizures; fasciculations; delirium tremens;
Headache— from exhaustion; chronic disease; severe influenza; pneumonia; residual exhaustion; GABA-A activity;
Posology— ⌀ 10-60 gtt TID; infusion 1-2 g/cup 1-3 cups QD, short term 3-6 cups QD;
Pregnancy and Lactation— no data; considered safe;
Cautions— unfortunately may be adulterated with Teucrium canadense, T. chamaedrys which contain hepatotoxic neoclerodane diterpenes which contain furan rings;
Combinations— uterine spasm Actea racemosa + Caulophyllum thalictroides; insomnia Humulus lupulus + Passiflora incarnata + Valeriana officinalis;
The oxygen in the coumarins is what gives it its high antioxidant
This herb is known traditionally to aid in insomnia. It has comparable anxiolytic effects to that of Midazolam 15 mg as evident when it was prescribed at 260mg
Passifloraceae same as passion flower
* Part— whole plant above ground during fruiting
* Constituents— indole alkaloids– harman, harmane, passiflorine, harmine, harmaline, harmol; cyanogenic glycosides; flavoioids– vitexin, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, lucenin, saponarin; maltol; organic acids; coumarins; sterols; essential oils;
* Actions— analgesic; anticonvulsant; anti- inflammatory; antimicrobial; antitussive; anxiolytic; nervine tonic;
- Traditional uses— insomnia; analgesic; opiate dependence; neurasthenia; dysmenorrhea; epilepsy;
- Passiflora 260mg vs Midazolam 15 mg— 3rd molar extraction; DB, PC, R; Sig 70% calmer and less anxious either Tx; SE– amnesia in several in midazolam arm, none in Passiflora arm; binds GABA-A J Ethnopharm.2013.150(3):281-288.
- Sleep— induces sleep, better sleep cycle on polysomnography; better sleep efficiency; improved wakefulness after sleep;
- Posology— ⌀ 10-120 gtt TID (in substance use disorder the higher dose will likely be more effective); infusion-– 2 g in 150 mL steep covered 15-20 min, TID; topical– 20 g in 200 mL, steep covered; add to
- Combinations— Piper methysticum; Hypericum perforatum; Crataegus oxycantha; Valeriana officinalis;
- Caution— sedative prescriptions, esp. if GABA-A receptor binding;
Pregnancy and Lactation— minimal to no data; safe from animal data;
This herb is used for Leprosy and may make benzodiazepines more potent what is the name of this herb?
** Piper methysticum (Kava aka intoxicating bitter); Piperaceae
**
* Root—2-3 years old
* Kavalactones (18)—kavain, desmethoxyyangonin, yangonin, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin; chalcones– flavokavain A, flavokavain B, flavokavain C; alkaloid— pipermethystine;
* Anxiolytic; moderately psychotropic;
* Heavy long-term use may lead to elevated liver enzymes (GGT, ALP)
* May inhibit—CYP 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 4A9/11
* Detectable in urine for up to 48h—OH-kavain
- Potentiates GABA-A (sedation); inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and likely dopamine; bind Cannabinoid Receptor (CB1)— yangonin; inhibition of voltage gated Na and Ca channels; monoamine oxidase B reversible inhibition;
- Anesthetic; anticancer—flavokawains, prostate cancer; anticonvulsant; anti-inflammatory; antipruritic—topical; skeletal muscle relaxant;
- Indications: Insomnia, Neuralgias, Bronchitis—spasmodic cough, Dysmenorrhea, Leprosy–skin rinse, paste
- Dose—fresh root pounded and drunk immediately; tincture to 60 gtt TID; powder 300-3000 mg TID; decoction 4 g in 150 mL water; standardized to 30% kavalactones (range is 24 – 70%), max dose of kavalactone ~ 250 mg/d
- Caution—kavalactones enter breast milk; acetone extracts may compromise liver function as may non-root parts; may potentiate benzodiazepines, EtOH, anesthesia; > 600 mg impairs motor skills
- Desmethoxy-yangonin boosts dopamine and may alter perception
This herb is an anticonvulsant, anxiolytic anticonvulsant, antidepressant, vasorelaxant, neuroprotective and sedative to name a few. If an adverse effects i.e. GI upset; paradoxical reactions in approximately 5% (meaning the patient gets wired instead of tired) occurs potentially due to a misdiagnosis of a heat condition excess while adding this warming herb, what herb is this.
Valerian Formerly Valerianaceae
Part used: root
Constituents - volatile oils– borneol, eugenol, isovaleric acid; terpenes– valpotriates, sesquiterpenes; alkaloids– actinidine, chatinine, valerene; aminio acids– tyrosine, glutamine; flavones; lignans; minerals– Cu, Zn, Mn; organic acids;
Actions - analgesic;; anodyne; anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic; neuroprotective; sedative; vasorelaxant;
Indications - insomnia from nervousness; anxiety with restlessness; OCD;
Pharmacology:— bind GABA-A– increase release of GABA-A, decrease GABA-A reuptake, decreased GABA-A degradation; binds adenosine A-1 and/or serotonin 5_HT-5alpha receptors; anxiolytic may be through glutamate receptors; 1500 mg comparable to 250 mg mefenamic acid during hystersalpinogography; cognitive function dysfunction less in Valeriana group vs standard of care during coronary artery bypass graft;
* Pharmacokinetics— IV half-life 6-12 min, terminal 6-46 h; oral half-life 2.7-5 h;
Cancer- Valeriana sitchensis inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis vis GABA-A, cascades to apoptosis, inhibition of oxidative DNA damage and cell proliferation
* Posology— ⌀ 30-60 gtt TID/QID; powder– 0.3-
3.0 g TID; infusion of leaf 2 tsp/cup, infuse
12 h, TID/QID; decoction– 2-3 g/150 mL BID/TID; bath– 100g root in 2 L boiling H2O; standardized extract– 0.8% valerenic acid or valepotriates 1-1.5% 160 mg BID, trials to 1100 mg QD;
Cautions GI upset; paradoxical reactions in approximately 5% (meaning the patient gets wired instead of tired)
- Pregnancy and Lactation— little to no data; some historical use during post-partum and lactation;
- Combinations— Humulus lupulus; Passiflora incarnata; Scutelaria lateriflora; Melissa officinalis; Convallaria majalus, Cratageus oxyacanthus;
Isovalerianic Acid, Methylbutanoic Acid
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha); Solanaceae
Part— root; leaf; berries;
Constituents— steroidal lactones– withanolides; alkaloids;
Actions— adaptogen; immunomodulatory; anti-inflammatory;
Other— sedative; antiepileptic; hypotensive; cognitive enhancer; hematopoietic; overactive but debilitated; nervous exhaustion; long-term stress responses;
Ayurvedic— decrease Vata and Kapha; balances Vata and Kapha; aphrodisiac; promoter of learning and memory retrieval;
Posology— infusion ½ tsp powdered leaves in 1 cup for anemia TID; decoction 3-6 g QD; standardized extract 15 mg withanolides per 300 mg, 240 – 1250 mg QD equivalent to 6 g QD;
Pregnancy and Lactation— no data; considered an emmenagogue;
Caution— CNS acting medications (theoretical);
Combinations— Magnolia officinalis;
Magnolia officinalis; Magnoliaceae
Part— bark
Constituents— phenylpropanoids; lignans– magnolol, honokiol, obovatol; flavonoids; coumarins; terpenoids; alkaloids; volatile oils;
Actions— anxiolytic; antidepressant; anti-asthmatic;
Other— antibacterial; anti-gingivitis; neuro adaptogen; GABA-A; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; hepatoprotective;
TCM, Kampo— stagnant Qi; rebellious ST Qi; warms and transforms phlegm;
Honokiol— greater stress reduction than diazepam without side effects, addiction, memory loss;
Posology— 200 - 800 mg QD standardized extract to 2% honokiol; bark chewed for oral infections;
Pregnancy and Lactation— no data; tea given post partum to improve sleep and prevent depression; Food Sci Nutr.2020.8(3):1554-1561.doi.10.1002/fsn3.1442
Rehmania glutinosa (Rehmania); Orobanchaceae
Part— root;
Constituents— iridoids– catapol, aucuboside; phenethyls; phenylpropanoid glycosides– acteoside; fatty acids;
TCM— neutral to warming; sweet; supports LV, HT, KI; acts on lower burner; restores KI yin; supports menopausal changes; tonifies blood and jing;
Actions— sedative; PMS; menorrhagia/metrorrhagia; post-partum bleeding; hepatoprotective;
Other-– tonifies blood; reduces vertigo; controls palpitations;
Liver enzymes— decreased ALT, AST, ALP, MDA; increased SOD, GSH;
Posology— decoction 10-30 g QD; ⌀ 20-40 gtt TID; 400 mg BID;
Caution— SP deficiency; ST deficiency; diarrhea; anorexia;
Pregnancy and Lactation— permitted in TCM;
Camellia sinensis; Theaceae
Action— increases alpha brain waves; relaxes the mind; relaxation without induction of drowsiness;
Posology— 200– 500 mg TID/QID;
