Botanicals for Hyperthyroidism and Autoimmune Conditions Flashcards
Which of the following herbs has demonstrated moderate ability to decrease thyroid function?
A) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle
Correct Answer: C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed)
Explanation:
(A) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Incorrect. Licorice is an adrenal adaptogen and endocrine modulator but does not have direct anti-thyroid properties but acts on the TRH and the TSH more info. below.
(B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort): Incorrect. While it supports cardiovascular and nervous system function, it is not recognized for directly decreasing thyroid function.
(C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed): Correct! This herb has been shown to have anti-thyroid effects, making it useful for hyperthyroidism.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): Incorrect. While highly nutritive and an alterative, it does not have significant effects on thyroid function.
more information:
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is not a direct thyroid adaptogen, meaning it does not specifically regulate T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) production. However, it indirectly affects thyroid function through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a central role in regulating metabolism, energy balance, and stress responses.
Mechanisms of Action:
Adrenal Support & Cortisol Regulation: Licorice extends the half-life of cortisol by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), preventing the conversion of active cortisol into its inactive form, cortisone. Since chronic stress and adrenal dysfunction can suppress thyroid function, licorice helps maintain adrenal resilience, which may indirectly support thyroid hormone production.
Modulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis: The HPA and HPT axes are interconnected. Chronic stress can elevate cortisol, which suppresses thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), leading to reduced T3 and T4 levels. Licorice’s adrenal-supportive effects may help mitigate this suppression.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Chronic inflammation can negatively impact thyroid function (as seen in conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Licorice’s anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties may provide an indirect protective effect on thyroid health.
Which herb is considered a nervine and is particularly useful for anxiety-related cardiovascular symptoms?
A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
C) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Correct: (B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort): Correct! Motherwort is a nervine and cardiotonic, particularly beneficial for anxiety accompanied by palpitations or nervous tension.
Explanation:
(A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm): Incorrect. While lemon balm is a nervine and useful for anxiety, its primary effect is more on nervous tension and mild thyroid inhibition, rather than cardiovascular anxiety.
(C) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell): Incorrect. While possibly anti-thyroid, it is not primarily a nervine or cardiotonic.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): Incorrect. Nettle is a nutritive herb and alterative but does not have a strong action on anxiety or the cardiovascular system.
Which herb has the potential to interfere with thyroid hormone action by acting as a TSH antagonist?
A) Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed)
B) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
D) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
Correct Answer: (B) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm): Correct! Lemon balm has been shown to act as a TSH antagonist, which can reduce thyroid activity and is useful for mild hyperthyroid conditions.
Explanation:
(A) Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed): Incorrect. While bugleweed is strongly anti-thyroid, it works primarily through its phenolic constituents rather than directly antagonizing TSH.
(C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Incorrect. Licorice is an endocrine modulator, but it does not inhibit TSH.
(D) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort): Incorrect. Motherwort is used for cardiovascular and nervous system support, not for thyroid inhibition.
Which herb is contraindicated in hypothyroidism because it may further suppress thyroid function?
A) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell)
B) Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed)
C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Correct Answer: B) Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed)
Explanation:
(A) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell): Incorrect. While possibly anti-thyroid, the research on its effects is limited.
(B) Lycopus virginicus (Bugleweed): Correct! Bugleweed is anti-thyroid and is contraindicated in hypothyroid conditions.
(C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Incorrect. Licorice is not anti-thyroid; it modulates the endocrine system, particularly the adrenals.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): Incorrect. While a highly nutritive herb, nettle does not strongly impact thyroid function.
Which herb is particularly useful for post-viral cough and acts as an antiviral demulcent?
A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Correct Answer: C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
Explanation:
(A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm): Incorrect. Lemon balm has antiviral properties but is not a demulcent and is not specific for post-viral cough.
(B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort): Incorrect. Motherwort is a nervine and cardiovascular tonic but not an antiviral demulcent.
(C) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): Correct! Licorice is a demulcent, antiviral, and adaptogen. It is particularly effective in treating lingering post-viral coughs.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): Incorrect. While nettle is nutritive and alterative, it does not have a strong antiviral or demulcent effect.
Which herb is best suited for managing mild-to-moderate hyperthyroidism?
A) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
B) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
C) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Correct Answer: (B) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) – Correct! Lemon balm has thyroid-inhibitory properties and may help in mild-to-moderate hyperthyroid conditions.
Explanation:
(A) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) – Incorrect. Licorice is primarily an adrenal adaptogen and does not have notable anti-thyroid effects.
(C) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) – Incorrect. Motherwort supports the nervous and cardiovascular systems but does not directly modulate thyroid function.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) – Incorrect. Nettle is a nutritive and alterative herb but does not affect thyroid function.
Which herb should be avoided in individuals with hypothyroidism?
A) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
B) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed)
C) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
D) Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn)
Correct Answer: (B) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed) – Correct! Bugleweed is anti-thyroid and should be avoided in hypothyroid conditions.
Explanation:
(A) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) – Incorrect. Motherwort does not have strong thyroid-modulating effects.
(C) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) – Incorrect. Nettle is nutritive and does not directly impact thyroid function.
(D) Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn) – Incorrect. Hawthorn is a cardiotonic and has no known thyroid effects.
Which herb is best suited for a patient experiencing anxiety with palpitations?
A) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell)
B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
C) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Correct Answer: (B) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) – is a nervine and cardiotonic, making it ideal for anxiety with palpitations.
Explanation:
(A) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell) – Incorrect. While it may have anti-thyroid properties, it is not primarily used for anxiety or palpitations.
(C) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) – Incorrect. While lemon balm is a nervine, it is not as strong a cardiotonic as motherwort.
(D) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) – Incorrect. Nettle is nutritive but does not directly address anxiety or palpitations.
Which herb is considered both an adaptogen and an endocrine modulator, particularly for adrenal health?
A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
B) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed)
D) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell)
(B) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) – Correct! Licorice is an adrenal adaptogen, influencing cortisol and aldosterone levels.
Explanation:
(A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) – Incorrect. Lemon balm is more of a nervine and thyroid modulator rather than an adrenal adaptogen.
(C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed) – Incorrect. Bugleweed is anti-thyroid but does not support adrenal function.
(D) Lithospermum officinale (Gromwell) – Incorrect. Gromwell is possibly anti-thyroid but does not act as an adrenal adaptogen.
Which herb is best suited for post-infection convalescence due to its alterative and nutritive properties?
A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm)
B) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed)
D) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)
(B) Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) – Correct! Nettle is a nutritive and alterative herb, excellent for rebuilding strength post-infection.
Explanation:
(A) Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) – Incorrect. Lemon balm is a nervine and mild antiviral but is not a strong post-infection restorative.
(C) Lycopus spp. (Bugleweed) – Incorrect. Bugleweed is anti-thyroid but not nutritive or alterative.
(D) Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) – Incorrect. Motherwort is used for nervous system and cardiovascular support, not convalescence.
How Does Nettle (Urtica dioica) Help with Convalescence?
Convalescence refers to the recovery period after illness, infection, or chronic stress, where the body rebuilds energy, immune function, and overall vitality.
Why is Stinging Nettle a Good Choice?
Nutritive Properties: Nettle is rich in minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, silica), vitamins (A, C, K, B-complex), amino acids, and chlorophyll, all of which help rebuild strength, improve energy, and restore depleted nutrient levels.
Blood-Building Effects: Due to its high iron and folate content, nettle is especially useful for those recovering from anemia or fatigue.
Alterative Action: Nettle is an alterative herb, meaning it helps improve metabolic function, eliminate waste products, and support tissue healing, making it ideal for post-infection recovery.
Mild Adaptogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: While not a classic adaptogen, nettle supports adrenal function and reduces inflammation, which can help those recovering from stress-related depletion
What Does “Nutritive” Mean?
A nutritive herb is one that provides essential vitamins, minerals, and bioavailable nutrients that help nourish and strengthen the body over time. These herbs are often used for chronic deficiencies, recovery, and general wellness support. Examples include:
Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle) – rich in iron, calcium, and protein
Avena sativa (Oatstraw) – high in silica and magnesium for nervous system support
Alfalfa – packed with vitamins A, D, E, and K
Which of the following herbs is primarily classified as an alterative and supports detoxification pathways in RA?
A) Bupleurum (Bupleurum sinensis)
B) Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
C) Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
D) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
(A) Correct: Bupleurum is an alterative and hepatic herb that supports detoxification and reduces inflammation.
(B) Incorrect: Turmeric is primarily an anti-inflammatory, not classified as an alterative.
(C) Incorrect: Cayenne is a circulatory stimulant and topical analgesic.
(D) Incorrect: Ginkgo is primarily a vascular tonic.
Which herb should be used with caution in RA due to its immune-stimulating effects?
A) Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s claw)
B) Boswellia serrata (Frankincense)
C) Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw)
D) Paeonia lactiflora (White peony)
(A) Correct: Cat’s claw is an immune stimulant and may worsen autoimmune conditions.
Explanation
(B) Incorrect: Boswellia is an anti-inflammatory without significant immune-stimulating effects.
(C) Incorrect: Devil’s claw is primarily an anti-inflammatory and is generally safe for RA.
(D) Incorrect: White peony is an endocrine modulator and mild anti-inflammatory.
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), what is the predominant pattern associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
A) Cold Bi with Kidney Yang Deficiency
B) Damp-Heat Bi affecting the joints
C) Qi and Blood Deficiency with Stagnation
D) Liver Wind Stirring Internally
(B) Correct: RA is generally associated with Damp-Heat Bi syndrome in TCM.
Explanation:
(A) Incorrect: Cold patterns do not align with the inflammatory nature of RA.
(C) Incorrect: Qi and Blood Deficiency may be seen in chronic cases but is not the primary pattern.
(D) Incorrect: Liver Wind patterns are more associated with neurological disorders such as tremors.
The term “Bi” is commonly used in TCM to describe conditions that affect the body’s muscles, bones, and joints due to the invasion of pathogenic factors like wind, cold, heat, or dampness.
Here’s what Damp-Heat Bi means in more detail:
Damp-Heat Bi in TCM:
Dampness: In TCM, dampness is considered a pathogenic factor that causes stagnation or blockage in the body. When the body is affected by excess dampness, it can lead to swelling, heaviness, and a feeling of stiffness in the joints and muscles.
Heat: Heat in TCM refers to an excess of warmth or inflammation. It can cause symptoms like redness, swelling, pain, and a sensation of burning, which may affect the joints, muscles, and tissues.
Bi Syndrome: The term “Bi” refers to conditions that cause obstruction of the flow of Qi (vital energy) and Blood in the body, which leads to pain, stiffness, and limited movement. There are several types of Bi syndrome based on the pathogenic factor involved (e.g., Wind, Cold, Heat, Dampness).
Symptoms of Damp-Heat Bi:
Joint pain: Often severe, with heat and swelling in the affected joints.
Swelling and redness: Especially noticeable in the affected areas.
Limited range of motion: Due to both the pain and swelling.
A feeling of heaviness: This can manifest as the sensation of thick or stiff joints.
Burning sensation: In the joints, particularly when the condition is more severe.
Worse symptoms in humid or hot weather: Damp-Heat conditions tend to worsen with environmental humidity and warmth.
Fatigue: Because of the internal heat and dampness, the body might feel sluggish or fatigued.
Possible Causes:
External Damp-Heat invasion: Damp-Heat can be caused by exposure to humid or hot climates, or through improper diet and lifestyle (e.g., excessive consumption of greasy or spicy foods, alcohol, or sedentary behavior).
Internal Dampness and Heat: Long-term exposure to dampness or internal factors like diet, lifestyle, or pre-existing conditions (e.g., obesity or poor circulation) could lead to the buildup of both dampness and heat in the body.
Treatment in TCM:
Herbal Medicine: Herbs like Yi Yi Ren (Coix seed), Cang Zhu (Atractylodes), Huang Bai (Phellodendron), and Zhi Mu (Anemarrhena) are often used to clear heat and dampness from the body and promote circulation in the joints.
Acupuncture: Specific acupuncture points might be targeted to help move Qi and Blood, relieve pain, and clear heat and dampness in the joints. Points like ST36, SP9, and LI11 are often used.
Dietary recommendations: Avoiding damp-producing foods such as dairy, greasy, and fried foods, and focusing on light, easy-to-digest foods that help clear dampness (e.g., barley, mung beans, and certain vegetables).
Lifestyle adjustments: Regular movement or exercise to keep the joints mobile, and maintaining a balanced routine to avoid excess heat or damp accumulation.
Which botanical actions are the primary therapeutic goals in managing RA?
A) Alterative, Anti-inflammatory, Topical analgesic
B) Nervine, Adaptogen, Immune stimulant
C) Circulatory stimulant, Astringent, Expectorant
D) Diuretic, Laxative, Antispasmodic
(A) Correct: These actions help reduce inflammation, support detoxification, and relieve joint pain.
(B) Incorrect: Immune stimulation can exacerbate RA, and adaptogens are not a primary focus.
(C) Incorrect: These actions do not directly address joint inflammation or degeneration.
(D) Incorrect: While diuretics and laxatives can support detoxification, they are not the main strategy.
Which of the following pairs best represents a synergistic combination for RA treatment?
A) Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s Claw)
B) Ginkgo biloba and Cannabis sativa
C) Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) and Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s Claw)
D) Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) and Paeonia lactiflora (White Peony)
(A) Correct: Both turmeric and devil’s claw are effective anti-inflammatory herbs for RA.
Explanation:
(B) Incorrect: Ginkgo is a vascular tonic and cannabis is an analgesic, but they do not target RA pathology synergistically.
(C) Incorrect: Cat’s claw is an immune stimulant, which may worsen RA.
(D) Incorrect: Cayenne is more of a circulatory stimulant, while white peony is an endocrine modulator.
