BOT strep throat - Week 1

Question 1

German Commision E

Answer 1

The GermanCommission Eis a scientific advisory board of theFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devicesformed in 1978.
The commission gives scientific expertise for the approval of substances and products previously used in traditional, folk and herbal medicine.

Between 1984 and 1994 it compiled and published over 380 monographs evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbs for licensed medical prescribing in Germany.
They gave herbs an approval rating for certain indications.

Question 2

kings american dispensatory

Answer 2

King’s American Dispensatory first published in 1854 considered an important text written by The Eclectics:
Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D.
Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D.

Question 3

Herbal actions: Antimicrobial

Answer 3

Destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms (e.g. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic)

Question 4

Herbal actions: Lymphatic

Answer 4

Promotes the proper functioning of the lymphatic system.

Question 5

Herbal actions: Immunostimulant

Answer 5

activates the immune system to help fight infection

Question 6

Herbal actions: antipyretic

Answer 6

reduces fever

Question 7

HEM*P Formula

A classic formula used for infections including strep throat contains:

Answer 7

Hydratis (Goldenseal)
Echinacea (Purple cone flower)
Myrrh
Phytolacca (Poke root)

Question 8

MATERIA MEDICA: Herbal remedies for strep throat

Answer 8

Goldenseal
Echinacea
Myrrh
Usnea
Pokeroot
Garlic
Essential oils

Question 9

GOLDENSEAL

Answer 9

Latin: Hydrastis canadensis
Family: Ranunculaceae
Part: Root
Drug: Hydrastis rhizoma

MAIN INDICATIONS
“King of the mucous membranes” inflammation and infections:
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract

ACTIONS
Antimicrobial (Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal, Antiparasitic)
Digestive bitter

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine)
Flavonolignans

SAFETY
Contra-Indications: Gastritis & stomach ulcers, obstructed gallbladder
Side-Effects: May cause GI irritation leading to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Pregnancy & lactation - unsafe

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

Hydrastis is specifically indicated in catarrhal states of the mucous membranes, when unaccompanied with acute inflammation. An apparent exception to this is in acute ‘purulent otitis media, in which it is said to act better than in chronic conditions; gastric irritability; irritation of parts with feeble circulation; muscular tenderness and soreness, worse under pressure or on motion; passive hemorrhages from uterus and other pelvic tissues; skin diseases depending on a gastric abnormality, indicating hydrastis.

German Commission E (None)

Not included.

Question 10

ECHINACEA

Answer 10

Latin: Different species are used:
Purpled Cone Flower Echinacea purpurea
Narrow-leaved purple coneflower Echinacea angustifolia
Pale purple coneflower Echinacea pallida

Family: Asteraceae
Part used: Root and Herb

MAIN INDICATIONS
Strep throat
Prevent and treat the common cold, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections (URIs).
Vaginal candidiasis
Urinary tract infections

ACTIONS
Immuno-stimulant

German Commission E

Echinacea purpurea herb (Approved) - Supportive therapy for colds and chronic infections of the respiratory tract and lower urinary tract.

Echinacea pallida root - (Approved) Supportive therapy for influenza-like infections.

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Alkylamide
Phenolics: Caffeic acid derivatives (Echinacoside)
Polysaccharides
Ketoalkenes

SAFETY
Caution: auto-immune disease (Theorectical)
Pregnancy & lactation - safe

Note: Echinacea angustifolia herb and root & Echinacea pallida herb are UNAPPROVED becauselack of clinical trials for the specific plant parts.

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

Echinacea angustifolia: use for “bad blood,” tendency to sepsis and malignancy, as in gangrene, sloughing and phagedenic ulcerations, carbuncles, boils, and various forms of septicaemia; foul discharges, with weakness and emaciation; deepened, bluish or purplish coloration of skin or mucous membranes, with a low form of inflammation; dirty-brownish tongue; jet-black tongue; tendency to the formation of multiple cellular abscesses of semi-active character, with marked asthenia. Of especial importance in typhoid, septicaemic and other adynamic fevers, and in malignant carbuncle, pulmonary gangrene, cerebro-spinal meningitis and pyosalpinx. Echafolta is advised as a cleansing wash in surgical operations, and to annul the pain of and to deodorize carcinomata.

Question 11

MYRRH

Answer 11

Latin: Commiphora myrrha
Synonyms: Commiphora molmol
Family: Burseraceae
Part: Resin
Drug: Myrrha

MAIN INDICATIONS
Tonsilitis
Gingivitis

ACTIONS
Antimicrobial (Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal, Antiparasitic)
Analgesic
Expectorant
Astringent

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Oleoresin
Sesquiterpenes (Furanosesquiterpenoids)

SAFETY
PREGNANCY - not recommended

German Commission E (Approved)

The Commission E approved myrrh for topical treatment of mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa.

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

Chronic bronchitis, with profuse secretion of mucus or muco-pus, with difficult expectoration; membranes lax and pallid, tonsils enlarged and spongy, throat pale and tumid; soreness and sponginess of the gums; reproductive disorders of women, with weight and dragging in the parts, and leucorrhoea.

The British Herbal Compendium

TheBritish Herbal Compendiumindicates the use of myrrh tincture as a gargle to treat pharyngitis and tonsillitis, as a mouthwash for gingivitis and ulcers, and external application to treat sinusitis and minor skin inflammations

Question 12

POKE WEED

Answer 12

Latin: Phytolacca americana
Family: Phytolaccaceae
Part: Root
Drug: Phytolaccae Radix

MAIN INDICATIONS
Lymphadenopathy
Infections associated with swollen lymph nodes (e.g. strep throat, mumps)
Cancer

ACTIONS
Lymphatic
Emetic
Purgative

German Commission E (Approved)

The Commission E not approved.

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Triterpenoid Glycosides (E.g. Phytolaccosides)
Lectins
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (Pap)
Alkaloid (E.g. Phytolaccine)

SAFETY
TOXIC - May cause violent emesis, catharsis, convulsions and possibly death.
PREGNANCY - not recommended

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

The mucous membranes present whitish erosions, or vesicular patches. With these conditions it may be employedin tonsillitis, follicular pharyngitis, stomatitis, aphthae, nursing sore mouth,orordinary sore mouth, and syphilitic faucial ulcerations.

Pallid mucous membranes with ulceration; sore mouth with small blisters on tongue and mucous membrane of cheeks; sore lips, blanched, with separation of the epidermis; hard, painful, enlarged glands; mastitis; orchitis; parotitis; aphthae; soreness of mammary glands, with impaired respiration; faucial, tonsillar, or pharyngeal ulceration; pallid sore throat, with cough or respiratory difficulty; secretions of mouth give a white glaze to surface of mouth, especially in children; white pultaceous sloughs at corners of mouth or in the cheek; and diphtheritic deposits..

Question 13

USNEA

Answer 13

MAIN INDICATIONS
Infections
Respiratory (including Strep throat)
Topical skin infections

ACTIONS
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antiparasitic

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Usnic acid

SAFETY
PREGNANCY & LACTATION - not recommended
Hepatoxic - may cause drug-induced hepatitis via mitochondrial uncoupling.

German Commission E (Approved)

The Commission E approved usnea for mild inflammation of the oral pharyngeal mucosa.

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

Not found

Question 13

GARLIC

Answer 13

Latin: Allium sativum
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Part: Clove

MAIN INDICATIONS
Infections
Heart disease

ACTIONS
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antiparasitic
Stimulant
Expectorant
Rubefacient

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Organosulfur compounds (Allicin)

SAFETY
Generally considered safe
Pregnancy & lactation - safe

German Commission E (Approved)

Commission E approved the use of garlic as a support to dietary measures at elevated levels of lipids in the blood and as a preventive measure for age-dependent vascular changes. ESCOP also noted that garlic has been used traditionally for the relief of cough, colds, catarrh, and rhinitis, although clinical trials are not as abundant to support such uses.

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

It has been beneficially used incoughs, catarrhal affections, pertussis, hoarseness, worms, andcalculous diseases, during the absence of in animation.

Question 13

ESSENTIAL OILS (Thyme & Oregano)

Answer 13

Steam distillation - extraction process that allows one to obtain pure essential oils from a plant.

Note: Essential oils do not contain larger non-volatile compounds (e.g. polyphenols) that may impart some medical benefits.

In general, essential oils have an antiseptic effect and disrupt.

Both oregano and thyme essential oils are rich in monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol) that inhibit Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 14

THYME

Answer 14

Latin: Thymus vulgaris
Family: Lamiaceae
Drug: Thymi herba

MAIN INDICATIONS
Colds and flu
Spastic cough

ACTIONS
Expectorant
Antitussive
Antispasmodic
Antimicrobial
Carminative
Anti-inflammatory

PHYTOCHEMICALS
Essential Oils: Monoterpenes (Thymol, Carvacrol)
Polyphenols: Flavonoids

SAFETY
SAFE - generally considered safe
TOXICITY - high amounts of pure essential oils may be toxic.
Pregnancy & lactation - unknown

German Commission E (Approved)

The Commission E approved thyme for symptoms of bronchitis and whooping cough and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tracts.

King’s American Dispensatory, 1898

Thyme is tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, and antispasmodic. The cold infusion is useful indyspepsia,with weak and irritable stomach, and as a stimulating tonic in convalescence from exhausting diseases. The warm infusion is beneficial inhysteria, dysmenorrhoea, flatulence, colic, headache,and to promote perspiration. Occasionally the leaves have been used externally, in fomentation. The oil is valuable as a local application toneuralgicandrheumatic pains; and, internally, to fulfil any of the indications for which the plant is used. Dose of the infusion, from 1 to 3 fluid ounces; of the oil, from 2 to 10 drops on sugar, or in emulsion. Thyme, scullcap, and rue, of each, 2 ounces; peony and black cohosh, of each, 1 ounce; macerated for 14 days in diluted alcohol, and then filtered, forms a good preparation fornervousanspasmodic diseases of children. It may be given in teaspoonful doses to a child 3 years old, repeating it 3 or 4 times a day, sweetening and diluting it, if desired. A strong infusion of theThymus Serpyllus, slightly sweetened, and mixed with gum Arabic, is stated by M. Joset to be a valuable remedy forwhooping-cough, convulsive and catarrhal coughs,andstridulous sore throat,the favorable result occurring at the end of a very few days. It may be takenad libitum.

Question 14

RESEARCH

Answer 14

HEMP formula study

In vitro trials tested individual herbs for antibacterial properties.

ONLY Hydrastis had antibacterial activity gram-negative Staphylococcus epidermis.

Question 15

In vitro trials CHART

Answer 15