Boots Material Flashcards
Renal Excretion of Penicillins can be blocked by Weak Acids such as _____, which Slows down the Elimination and Increases the Half life of the Penecillin
Probenecid
Tetracycline Drug that is Primarily Excreted in the Feces, that is not as useful for Urinary Tract Issues
Doxycycline
Drug Class that Inhibits Protein Synthesis by Binding to the 50s Ribosomal Subunit and Inhibiting Peptide Chain Elongation by Inhibiting Translocation and Movement of the Ribosome along the mRNA
Macrolides/Lincosamides
Most Sulfonamides and DHFR Inhibitors are Excreted in the ____ through Active Tubular Secretion and Passive Tubular Resorption
Urine
Resistance to Penicillins is most commonly Through Plasmid or Chromosomal mediated ____ in Gram Positive Bacteria and Inherent Resistance in Gram Negatives
B-Lactamases
Penicillin G has Poor Oral Absorption and is usually administered ______
Parenterally/ Injection
Amphenicols are Very Lipid ___, have a Wide Distribution and are able to reach Therapeutic Levels in Most Tissue including Bone, Eye, Fetus and Milk
Soluble
True/False: Sulfonamides and DHFR Inhibitors are Widely Distributed and reach tissues such as CNS, Prostate and Eye
True
True/False: the Optimal Treatment for Cancer will change over time, so it is important to Keep Current in this area of Veterinary Medicine
True
____ is often Needed for Definitive Diagnosis and may be Incisional or Excisional
Biopsy
Tetracyclines are Classified as Time-Dependent but Efficacy may be Better Predicted by the ____
Area Under the Curve (AUC)/ MIC
*Efficacy Related to Amount of Antibiotic Exopsure
The Therapeutic Index is generally ___ for Chemotherapy drugs, and so careful consideration of Patient Factors that may alter Drug Kinetics are very important
Low
B-Lactamase Stable Penicillin often used for Mastitis in Cattle
Cloxacillin
*Resistant to B-Lactamase
Drug that can be Given in Conjunction with Cephalosporins that competitively Blocks Renal Excretion and Prolongs the Half life of Cephalosporin in the Body
Probenecid
If Cancer cells are Present the Margins are Considered ____ as there is possibility that cancer cells were left behind in the Patient
Dirty
Cancers that may be Amendable to Surgery, Radiation or chemotherapy and often a Combination of Methods is the Ideal Approach
Epithelial Carcinomas
*Ex. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Third Generation Cephalosporin commonly used in Small Animals that is given as an Injectable that is highly Protein Bound which gives it an Unusually Long Duration of Activity
Cefovecin
*Typically Dosed q7-14 Days- Very long Duration of Action. Dosed every 1-2 weeks
Amphenicol Drug that inhibits Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes (Cytochrome P450)
Chloramphenicol
*Careful of Interactions with Other Drugs
Penicillins are ___ Dependent Antibiotics. For the Drug to have its affect, it must be above the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for a certain Duration of Time
Time
*Commonly Dosed BID or TID
Ideally we would have a Definitive Diagnosis in each Case of Cancer that would allow the optimal Selection of ____
Treatment
Classical Adverse affect of Cyclophosphamide that is dose related and reversible
Sterile Hemorrhagic Cystitis
*Water intake and frequent voiding are important with this drug
Tetracyclines are antagonistic to ____
Penicillins
*Drugs that Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis and Drugs that Inhibit Protein Synthesis in Bacteria should not be used together
Polymyxin B is considered an ____, and has Greater Toxicity and therefore is Limited to Topical Use
Antiseptic
Which of the Following Antibiotics will Generally have Reduced Efficacy in an Abscess containing Pus because it Contains PABA?
A. Enrofloxacin
B. Trimethoprim-Sulfa
C. Doxycyline
D. Gentamicin
Trimethoprim Sulfa
Cancers that are Typically the most chemoresponsive cancers and often are treated with Chemotherapy Alone
Round Cell Tumors
*Classic- Lymphoma
Aminoglycosides have Synergism with ____in Vivo
Penicillins
*However they are Antagonistic In Vitro
B-Lactams that are considered Bactericidal and Time-Dependent that are only Given Parenterally and achieve wide Distribution in the Body
Carbapenems
*Only given Parenterally
B-Lactam Antibiotic That is Generally Better against Gram Positive Bacteria that are considered Bactericidal and have some Post-Antibiotic Effect against Gram Positive Bacteria
Penicillins
Amphenicol Drug that is Highly Metabolized in the Liver via Glucuronidation with Minimal Excretion in the Urine of Dogs
Chloramphenicol
In Gram ____ Bacteria, the Cell Wall is Thinner and Surrounded by an outer Membrane of Lipopolysaccharide
Negative
Sulfonamides and Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors are Broad Spectrum with Efficacy against Gram Positive and Gram Negative and Protozoal Organisms. When Used Alone they are _____, But When used Together they are _____
Bacteriostatic- Used Alone
Bacteriocidal- Used in Combination
*Used in Combination- “Potentiated Sulfonamides”
*Protozoal Organisms will be a Reason you use these in Both Small and Large Animals
Which Antibiotic can Lead to Blood Dyscrasias, causing Anemia and Bone Marrow Suppression
Sulfonamides
*Not Common- but be Aware
Platinum Compound that is Similar to Cisplatin but can be Administered in Cats
Carboplatin
Cytotoxic Antibiotic that is a Potent Vesicant used to Treat Lymphoma, Carcinomas and Osteosarcoma that causes Myelosuppression and GI Side Effects most Commonly
Doxorubicin
Aminoglycosides are _____and Concentration-Dependent
Bactericidal
*They will Kill the Bacteria. The Higher the Concentration in the Body, the More Efficacious these Drugs will be. Giving a Large Dose Once a Day is the Best Administration Plan
Tetracycline Drug that is Least Likely to cause Yellowing of Teeth and Bone in Growing Animals
Doxycycline
Rifampin can Induce Microsomal Enzymes, therefore there are many Potential _____
Drug-Drug Interactions
Antibiotic that is Used in Foals to Treat Rhodococcal Pneumonia and Proliferative Enteropathy due to Lawsonia Intracellularis
Rifampin
Lincosamides, particularly Clindamycin, generally have more _____ Activity than the Macrolides
Anaerobic
Macrolide that is Used in Large Animals as an SC Injection that has Cardiotoxic Effects and should not be Administered IV. Accidental Self-Injection of Humans can be Fatal
Tilmicosin
True/False: It is important so make sure that you and the Owner are on the Same page about what Goals are possible and what goals you are specifically aiming for in Cancer treatment
True
*Goal may be Curing, Remission, Palliative Care, or Preserving Function
____ Generation Cephalosporins are More Effective Against Gram Negative and Anaerobic Bacteria with Less Gram Positive Activity
Third
Soft Tissue Cancers that usually Require Surgical Removal of the Primary and in some cases this will be the only Treatment Route Used
Mesenchymal or “Spindle Cell” (Sarcomas)
*Surgery is the Best Option. Highly Metastatic Sarcomas usually Require Surgery as well as Chemotherapy
*Ex. Soft-Tissue Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma
True/False: Tetracyclines are good Antibiotics to use against Pseudomonas
False
*Poor Against Pseudomonas
Process of Finding out how much cancer is in the Body, and where it is Located
Staging
Carbapenems are commonly used for the Treatment of ___ System Infections
Renal
True/False: Penicillins generally Do Cross Barriers
False
*Do Not cross Barriers
True/False: Cancer therapy is an area where many people integrate other therapeutic modalities such as Neutraceuticals, Dietary management, acupuncture, and herbal therapy. These can be Extremely helpful in Palliative Care and can be used to Offset some of the effects of Chemotherapy
True
Chloramphenicol can cause Idiosyncratic ____ in People, which Clients should be made Aware of
Aplastic Anemia
Most common Adverse effect of Chemotherapy Drugs
Gastrointestinal Signs (Nausea)
*BAG- Bone Marrow, Alopecia, Gastrointestinal
True/False: Cephalosporins generally do not cross Barriers and will not Enter Eyes, Prostate or CNS
True
Antibiotics that Cause Non-Specific Damage to DNA and RNA Repair Enzymes leading to DNA Degradation and Strand Breakage
Nitroimidazoles
Most common Adverse effect with the Alkalyting Agent, Cyclophosphamide
Myelosuppression (Bone marrow Suppression)
*nadir- means lowest point. WBC nadir is about 7 days after chemotherapy treatment with Cyclophosphamide- expect WBC to be lowest at the 7 day mark
Cross ____ is seen between Macrolides and Lincosamides
Resistance
*If you are Resistant to One drug you will Probably be Resistant to the Other drugs in the Family
Tetracyclines may Bind with Chelate Divalent ____, such as Magnesium and Calcium, which can Significantly Reduce GI absorption of some Tetracyclines
Cations
Antibiotics that cause Non-Specific Damage to DNA by blocking Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl coA
Nitrofurans
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Toceranib) is mainly used to Treat what Kind of Tumors?
Mast Cell Tumors
*Mast cell Tumors express Tyrosine Kinase Growth Factor. Drugs that Target and Inhibit the Protein can Interfere with Mast Cell Proliferation
Two B-Lactamase Inhibitors that are Administered in a Fixed-Ratio Combination with Penicillins, that Non-Competitively bind to B-Lactamase allowing the Antibiotic to do its job
Clavulanic Acid
Sulbactam
* Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
*Ampicillin +Sulbactam
Most Antibiotics that Disrupt Protein Synthesis work actively at the Site of Bacterial ____
Ribosomes
Care Given when the Decision has been made to Cease Life Extending Treatment and the Patients Further Life expentancy is short
Hospice Care
Bacteria attempt to Defend themselves against B-Lactam Antibiotics by producing _____, which are Enzymes that Break down the B-Lactam Ring
B-Lactamases
*Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria produce B-Lactamases
Tetracycline Drugs enter Gram ___ Bacteria by Movement through the Pores and Active Transport across Bacterial Cell Membranes
Negative
In Gram ____ Bacteria, the Cell wall is Thick with many Layers of Peptidoglycan
Positive
____ Treatment with Chemotherapy is not done often because the risks and costs of Therapy are so High
Empirical
First Generation Cephalosporin that is Commonly used Orally in Small Animal Medicine as a First-Line Antibiotic
Cephalexin
Penicillins Do Not Cross Barriers, Leading to ____ Penetration into Eyes, Prostate and CNS
Poor
Antimetabolite that is an Inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase that can be Administered Parenterally or Orally and is used for some Neoplasms and for Immunosuppression
Methotrexate
*Check Drug-Drug Interactions
Name the Three Third Generation Cephalosporins
Ceftiofur
Cefovecin
Cefpodoxime
Fluoroquinolones are considered ____ Dependent antibiotics with a Significant post-Antibiotic effect
Concentration
True/False: DHFR Inhibitors are Synergistic with Sulfonamides
True
Aminoglycosides Remain in the ____, and do Not Readily Cross the BBB and Tend to accumulate in the Kidneys and Middle Ear
ECF
*They Tend to Accumulate in the Middle Ear and Kidneys- Reflected in Toxicity. Renal Toxicity and Otic Toxicity are the Big ones with Aminoglycosides
____ Generation Cephalosporins are Similar to First Generation Cephalosporins, but have Greater Efficacy against Gram Negative and Anaerobic Bacteria
Second
*Best Broad Spectrum Cephalosporin- Good Coverage against Gram Positive, Gram Negative, and Anaerobic Bacteria
Macrolide that is used Sometimes in Small Animals to Treat Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Babesia. Can Also be Used in Foals for Rhodococcus Pneumonia
Azithromycin
*Also Accumulates in Phagoyctes which Prolongs Clinical Effects
Three First Generation Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalexin (Orally)
Cefazolin (Parenterally)
Cephapirin (Mastitis)
B-Lactam Antibiotics Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis by Disrupting the Process of _____ of the Cell wall
Transpeptidization
Amoxicillin and Ampicillin have some ___ Excretion, therefore if you are Treating a Hepatic Bacterial infection these will be Better to Use
Biliary
Classic Alkylating Agent that can be given IV or orally and is inactive until metabolized in the liver (Prodrug). Has a wide distribution except to the CNS
Cyclophosphamide
Cephalosporins should not be given ____ to Guinea Pigs, Chinchillas, Horses, and Ruminents
Orally
Most commonly used Tetracycline in Small Animals that is Administered Orally that has Better GI absorption with Less Renal Excretion
Doxycycline
First Generation Cephalosporin used to Treat Mastitis in Cattle as an Intramammary Infusion
Cefapirin/ Cephapirin
*Spelt Differently in Notes vs. Powerpoints
Chemotherapy Drugs that are Vinca Alkaloids that Bind to B-Tubulin in the Mitotic Spindle and Inhibit Microtubule Formation preventing cell division during the Metaphase of Mitosis. They are Active during the G2 and M phase of the Cell Cycle
Microtubule Inihibitors
*Vincristine and Vinblastine- Inhibit Microtubule Formation
When B-Lactam antibiotics bind to Transpeptidase Enzymes that normally Catalyze Peptidoglycan Layers, the Enzymes cannot do their jobs and the Layers do not get Crossed Linked. Resulting in Cell wall Break Down and Eventually Osmotic Pressures lead to _____
Cytolysis
*Bacteria Explode
Macrolides/Lincosamides are Narrow Spectrum and Mainly active against Gram ___ Bacteria
Positive
*Have Some Gram Negative Activity
Transcellular Membrane Proteins that Respond to Extracellular Growth Factors which activate the Intracellular enzymes leading to Cell Changes such as Proliferation, Migration ect. In a Cancer Cell, these Protiens will increase Invasion and Metastasis
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
*Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Toceranib) Inhibit Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis
What kind of Dosing it Commonly used for Chemotherapy Drugs?
Body Surface Area (Meter Squared)
*More accurate dosing for very small and very large patients
Lincosamide that is Sometimes used in Swine and Chickens
Lincomycin
*Do Not used in Horses, Ruminants and Rabbits
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic that is used against Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria as well as Mycoplasm, Chlamidophila, Spirochaetes, Rickettsial Organisms, and Walbachia
Tetracyclines
*Adjunct Treatment for Heartworm Disease- Walbachia
Aminoglycoside used Intrauterine and Extra-Label IV in Horses to Treat Endometritis
Gentamicin
Tetracycline Drug only Given Orally More often Used for Non Bacterial Infections, such as Rickettsia, Lyme Disease and Walbachia
Doxycycline
*Walbachia- Managment of Heartworm Disease
Anti-Pseudomonas Penicillin used rarely in small animals and horses Topically
Ticarcillin
Gram ____ Bacteria are Inherently Resistant to Cephalosporins because they Secrete B-Lactamase into the Periplasmic Space with Low Permeability of the Drug
Negative
*Gram Negative Bacteria are more Inherently Resistant to Cephalosporins and Penicillins than Gram Positive Bacteria
Drug that Competitively Blocks Renal Excretion of Penicillin which prolongs the Half-Life of Penicillin in the Body
Probenecid
The Aminoglycosides Generally have ____ Oral Absorption but are well Absorbed Parenterally
Poor
*Aminoglycosides are Generally Not used Orally
The Melanoma ____ is labeled for Treatment of Oral Melanoma in Dogs. It stimulates an Immune Response to the Melanoma Protein Tyrosinase. Only Available through Veterinary Oncologist
Vaccine
*Have to Go through an Oncologist to get the Vaccine
Aminoglycoside used Parenterally in Dogs and Cats typically to Treat Gram Negative Infections that are Resistant to Other Antibiotics
Gentamicin
Natural Penicillins, Penicillin G and Penicillin V, are measured in ____, rather than Mg
Units
Cephalosporins interact In Vitro with ____ leading to Percipitation, while In Vivo the Interaction is Synergystic leading to Complementory Spectrum of Activity
Aminoglycosides
Glyopeptides, such as _____, are Not Permitted in Food Producing Animals
Vancomycin
*Banned in Food Producing Animals
B-Lactams that have a Greater Toxic Potential
Carbapenems
*May cross into the CNS, Milk and Placenta
Broad SpectrumTetracycline Drug that is Primarily used in Food Animal Medicine and Rarely used in Small Animal and Equines if an Injectable Formulation is needed
Oxytetracycline
Vancomycin is ____ and Time-Dependent antibiotics. Resistence can Develop to Vancomycin, Particularly in Enterococci Bacteria
Bacteriocidal
Fluoroquinolones are mainly effective against Gram ____ Aerobes as well as Mycosplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamyia
Negative
*Mainly used for Gram Negative Aerobes- “Go To” drugs against Gram Negative Aerobes
Alkylating Agent that is Relatively more Toxic to Pancreatic B-Cells and is sometimes used to treat Insulinoma
Streptozotocin
Third Generation Cephalosporin used in Large Animals for Respiratory Disease, Foot Rot and Mastitis
Ceftiofur
Antibiotics that are Fairly Broad Spectrum but Mainly used in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
Nitrofurans
Natural Penicillin that is Susceptible to B-Lactamase and used to Treat Against Most Gram Positive Cocci and Anaerobic Gram Positive Bacilli and Spirochaetes
Penicillin G
*Natural Penicillin- Very Affective against Gram Positive and Anaerobic Bacteria
Common Adverse Effect in Canines with Use of Sulfonamides
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
*Dry Eye- Stop Producing Tears
Nitrofuran that is used as a Topical in Equine Medicine for Wound Dressing
Nitrofurazone
Less Potent Orally administered Alkylating Agent that is commonly used as an Immunosuppressant and in the treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chlorambucil
*Does not cause hemorrhagic Cystitis
Bacteria that do not have a Cell Wall, Bacteria that are not Actively Dividing, and Bacteria that Lack Penicillin Binding Protein will Inherently be more ____ to Penicillin
Resistant
Drug that Antagonizes Penicillin In Vitro leading to Precipitation, but In Vivo leads to Synergism and is Complementary to the Spectrum of Activity
Aminoglycosides
Three Main B-Lactam Antibiotics
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins are Considered Bactericidal and ____ Dependent Antibiotics, where a Certain Plasma Concentration is required for a Certain Duration of Time for the Antibiotic to work
Time
Tetracyclines are Readily Absorbed ____ and have Wide distribution with Good Penetration into Hard to Reach tissues such as Bone, Prostate and CSF
Orally
NSAID used in Treatment of Canine Carcinoma, particularly Transitional Cell Carcinomas in the Bladder of Dogs, by Blocking COX-2 which is Expressed by many Transitional Cell Carcinomas
Piroxicam
*Blocks COX-2 that is Expressed in Transitional Cell Carcinomas. Significant Results have been seen with Piroxicam alone or in Combination in treatment of TCC of the Bladder in Dogs
Drugs that Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis by Binding to the 30s Subunit and Preventing tRNA attachment, Blocks Normal Initiation and Distorts the Codon Arm and Alters Normal Proofreading Functions, leading to Errors in the Amino Acid Sequence
Aminoglycosides
*Results in Release of Incomplete and Inaccurate Proteins that are Non-Functional
Systemic Adverse effect of Chemotherapy drugs that can be Life-Threatening and occurs when there is a high tumor burden and treatment causes massive cell death and release of intracellular substances from the dyinc cancer cells
Acute tumor lysis syndrome
Narrow Spectrum Drugs that Inhibits Bacterial Protein Synthesis that are Specifically used for Gram Negative Aerobes
Aminoglycosides
*The Transport of These Drugs is Oxygen-Dependent- why they only Work on Aerobes
Most common Microtubule Inhibitor that is used Predominately to treat Lymphoma usually given IV every 1-2 Weeks that is also a Potent Vesicant
Vincristine
*Vinblastine is slightly less Potent than Vincristine
Bacteria can Acquire ____ to Tetracyclines if they Alter Permeability, Inactivate Enzymes, or Alter the Target of the Antibiotic
Resistance
“Go To” Antibiotics for Reptiles that Sometimes Present with Abscesses and Superificial Wounds
Fluoroquinolones
Drug that Inhibits Protein Sythesis by Binding to Isoleucyl tRNA Synthase that is Applied Topically and is very affective against Local Infections with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Otitis and Pyoderma
Mupirocin
*Topically used against Pyoderma and Ottiis caused by MRStaph
Vancomycin is Mainly only Used for Highly Resistant Bacteria in Humans, such as ____
MRSA
*Last Resort Drug for MRSA in Humans
Aminoglycosides have Signifanct toxicity Concerns, Primarily in What two Regions?
Nephrotoxicity- Kidney
Ototoxicity- Ear
*Can Manifest as Vestibular or Auditory Injury. Once Daily Dosing of Aminoglycosides Reduces the Risk of Toxicity
B-Lactams that have a Greater Post-Antibiotic Effect than other B-Lactams, that are used as the Last Option for Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase producing E. Coli
Carbapenems
*Group of Antibiotics developed to deal with B-Lactamase Producing Bacteria- Mainly E.Coli Bacteria
Aminoglycosides Exhibit Post-Antibiotic Effect and are _____-Dependent. They are Best Administered Once Daily at High Doses
Concentration
Tetracycline Drug that is Normally Administered Orally and should Never be given IM/SC. Also should never be Given IV in horses due to Cardiac Side Effects
Doxycycline
*Never use IV in Horses- Cardiac Side Effects
Cephalosporins are Generally of Low ____ but can be associated with Hypersensitivity Reactions
Toxicity
B.
Nitroimidazoles are Considered ____ to Susceptible Organisms and are Often used in Combination with other Antibiotics to cover the Anaerobic part of the Spectrum
Bactericidal
True/False: Specialized Testing may be available to further define the cancer and Predict responsiveness to Different types of Therapy, including Phenotyping of Lymphosarcomas to Determine Best treatment option
True
Macrolide that is Labeled for IM use in Cattle to Treat Bovine Respiratory Disease. This Drug does Not Cross the BBB and has High Frequency of GI Effects when Given Orally
Erythromycin
*Contraindicated in Small Herbivores and Adult Horses
Sulfonamides and DHFR Inhibitors have a Risk of _____, which Creates Lower Solubility Compounds and Increases Risk of Crystalluria
Acetylation (Liver and Lung)
*Potential Toxicity Issues include Renal Damage and Crystalluria
Three Most Commonly Used Fluoroquinolones that are Used Orally, IM or Topically (Otic) in small Animals for Gram Negative Infections
Enrofloxacin
Orbifloxacin
Marbofloxacin
*All Three are Very Similar
Drugs that Inhibit Protein Synthesis in Bacteria by Inhibiting Peptidyl Transferase assocaited with the 50s Subunit of the Ribosome with Inhibits Peptide Bond Formation between Amino Acids
Amphenicols
*Inhibits formation of the Polypeptide Chain
Lincosamide Given as an Intramammary Infusion for Treatment of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle
Pirlimycin
Administration of Oral Chemotherapy Medications at home and the Presence of active Drug/Metabolites in Excreta are the Largest Potential Source of Exposure for ____
Owners
*All Clients should be given Safety Information for Handling- Wear Gloves
Cephalosporins are Bactericidal and are Considered more Broad Spectrum than Penicillins with Better Activity against Gram ____ Bacteria
Negative
Fluorquinolone that Should not Exceed 5mg/kg of Dosing in Cats because of Risk of Blindness
Enrofloxacin
Platinum Compound that is a Bigger Gun Chemotherapeutic drug that is given IV Infusion but should not be used in Cats because it can cause Fatal Pulmonary Toxicosis
Cisplatin
*Do NOT use in Cats- “Cisplatin Splats Cats”
With Chemotherapy drugs, single drug protocols are rarely used. Better Efficacy is more often obtained by using multiple drugs in _____
Combination
*Drugs are given on a rotating cycle for weeks to months
A Liposome Encapsulated Doxorubicin which has lower risk of Cardiotoxicity but possibly Increased risk of Nephrotoxicity
Doxil
Lincosamide that is Commonly Used in Small Animals for its Anaerobic Coverage that is also used to Treat Toxoplasmosis, However does not Cross the Blood Brain Barrier Well
Clindamycin
*More Anaerobic Activity than Other Lincosamides
“Go to” Injectable Tetracycline that is Administered IM or SC
Oxytetracycline
Amphenicol Drug that is Illegal in Food Producing Animals
Chloramphenicol
Resistance to Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors is Generally Plasma Mediated consisting of Increased Production of _____, Reduced Permeability or the Bacteria becoming able to Rely on Exogenous Thymine/Thymadine
Dihydrofolate (DHF)
B-Lactam Antibiotics Bind their B-Lactam Ring to a Transpeptidase Enzyme that would Normally Catalyze the Cross Links between Peptidoglycan Layers. What are these Enzymes Called?
Penicillin Binding Proteins
*B-Lactam Binds to these Enzymes to Prevent the Cross Linking
Aminoglycoside that is Used Parenterally in Small Animals to Treat Resistant Gram Negative Infections that is Often Preferred Over Gentamicin because it has a Lower Toxicity and Covers some Gentamicin Resistant Bacteria
Amikacin
*More Expensive than Gentamicin
True/False: Macrolides and Lincosamides are contraindicated in Rabbits, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, and Hamsters
True
*Contraindicated in Small Herbivores
Antibiotics that work by Inhibiting the Action of Dihydrofolate Reductase, with a Far Greater Affinity for Bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase than its Mammalian Counterpart
Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors (DHFR Inhibitors)
True/False: Cephalosporins and Penicillin Antibiotics have the Same Mechanism of Action
True
Antibiotics Inhibit DNA and RNA Bacterial Synthesis by acting as False Substrates that Competes with PABA for the Dihydropteroate Synthase Enzyme, which Inhibits the Incorporation of PABA into the Formation of Folate
Sulfonamides
*PABA = Para-aminobenzoic Acid. Folate is Necessary for the Production of Nucleic Acids
Antimetabolite that has good Distribution into the CNS used to Treat Lymphoreticular Neoplasms and most commonly used to Treat Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis (GME)
Cytosine Arabinoside
Bacterial Ribosomes have Two Major parts, the Smaller __ Subunit where the RNA is read and the Larger ___ Subunit where the actual Assembly of Amino Acids Occurs
30s- Smaller
50s- Larger
True/False: Glucocorticoids, such as Prednisone and Prednisolone, can mask Neoplasia by reducing Neoplastic Cell Counts, so they should not be given Empirically before a Definitive Diagnosis is Reached
True
True/False: When Owners administer Oral Chemotherapy drugs to Patients, it is best to Crush or Split the Pills
False
*Don’t Split or Crush Tablets
Being a Time-Dependent Antibiotic is going to Have the Most Impact on which aspect of Treatment
Selecton of Dose and Dose Interval
True/False: Empirical Treatment is Rarely done in Cancer Chemotherapy
True
*If we don’t have a Diagnosis, we will not use Chemotherapy as a Default. Having a Diagnosis in Cancer is Important before starting Treatment
True/False: Fluorquinolones are Widely Distributed throughout the Body and Reach Bone, Prostate, and Phagocytic Cells
True
Chemotherapy Enzyme that is Typically used as part of Multidrug Protocol to treat Lymphoma with the Major Adverse Affect being Anaphylaxis
L-Asparginase
*Risk of Anaphylactic Response!! Risk of Allergic Response will Increase with Repeated Dosing
Bacterial Ribosomes are Structurally Different from Mammalian Ribosomes and many of the Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Antibiotics are of Low ____
Toxicity
True/False: You want to Have a Good Estimate for Therapy, including Follow Up visits, Monitoring Lab Work, Recheck Testing, and Ancilliary Care so that Owners know what they are getting into before they decide to Pursue Therapy
True
Tetracycline that is Given Orally and can be Very Bitter and may lead to Frothing in Cats
Doxycycline
Antibiotics that Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis by Disrupting the Process of Transpeptidization of the Cell wall, when the B-Lactam Ring of the Antibiotics bind to the Transpeptidase Enzyme that would Normally Catalyze the Cross-Links between Peptidoglycan Layers of the Bacterial Cell wall
B-Lactam Antibiotics
Four Drug Classes that Should be Avoided or Used with Extreme Caution in Small Mammals/Herbivores such as Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, Chinchillas and Hamsters
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Lincosamides
Macrolides
*Often Use Fluoroquinolones and Tetracyclines in Small Mammals
Penicillins are mainly Weak ____ and tend to Remain in Extracellular Fluid, leading to Good Concentration in Perfused Organs such as Kidneys, Synovial Fluids, Lungs and Skin
Acids
“Go To” Drug for Anaerobic Infections, that is the Most commonly used Nitroinmidazole
Metronidazole
Sulfadiazine and Sulfamethoxazole are commonly Combined with what DHFR Inhibitor?
Trimethoprim
*Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Resistance is ____ with Nitroimidazoles
Rare
*Usually not a Concern with this Drug
Carbapenem Drugs, Imipenem and Meropenem, are mainly used to Treat Highly Resistant Gram Negative ____
E.Coli
Drugs that Consit of a Type A and Type B, that are Bacteriostatic Individually but Bacteriocidal when Combined. They Both Bind to the 50s Subunit of the Ribosome. Type A Increases Susceptibility to Type B by Causing a Conformation change in the 50s Subunit. Type B Stops the Lengthening of the Polypeptide Chain
Streptogramins
*Type A enhances the Effect of Type B
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor that is approved for Treatment of Grade II and III Canine Mast cell Tumors
Toceranib
*Don’t see as severe adverse effects as you can with other chemotherapy protocols- Some Bone Marrow Suppression and Some GI signs
Major Adverse effect of Cisplatin
Nephrotoxicity
*Risk of Kidney Damage- must proceed and follow by saline infusion which reduces the potential for nephrotoxicity
Antiboitic where Resistance develops Very Fast, via a One Step Mutation in the Target Enzyme. Almost Always combined with other Antibiotics
Rifampin
*Resistance develops Quickly, therefore, Almost Always combined with Other Antibiotics
True/False: Sometimes a Definitive Diagnosis is not Possible, in those cases determining what category of Cancer you’re dealing with is Not Helpful
False
*Determining what Category of Cancer can still be helpful- Ex. Round cell tumor versus Mesenchymal
*Knowing the Type of Cancer can help direct you in Treatment, even without a Definitive Diagnosis
Most of the Drugs that Inhibit Protein Synthesis are ____ as they Inhibit proper Function and Reproduction of the Cell
Bacteriostatic
Ampicillin is Typically Administered Parenterally and Amoxicillin is Administered ____
Orally
Amphenicol Drug that is used in Large Animals via Injection with Minimal Side Effects and Less Bone Marrow Suppression
Florfenicol
*Okay for Food Animals
Sulfonamide that is Very Commonly used as a Coccidiostat in Cats, Dogs, Poultry and for Shipping Fever and Foot Rot in Cattle
Sulfamethoxine
*Mainly Coccidiostat
Fluoroquinolone used SC in Beef Cattle to treat Gram Negative Infections
Danofloxacin
Chemotherapy Enzyme that Hydrolyzes L-Asparagine to Deplete circulating Levels resulting in Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Neoplastic Cells that Require and Exogenous source of Amino Acid
L-Asparaginase
For ___ Drugs, a Clean catheter should always be placed and the line flushed thoroughly before and after administration of the Drug
Vesicant
NSAID that is a COX-2 Inhibitor where studies show an Inverse Relationship between use of the NSAID and Occurence rate of Neoplasms
Piroxicam
*Better and Longer Remission when using a COX Inhibitor with some Neosplasms
*Inhibits Cyclo-Oxygenase
True/False: We should Avoid using Cephalosporins in Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Gerbils, and Rabbits
True
*B-Lactams should be avoided in these Species
Sulfonamide/DHFR Inhibitor used as an Oral Suspension for Protozoal Disease
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine
*Pyrimethamine is More Effective for Protozoal Disease
Nitrofurans, such as Nitrofurantoin, are Metabolized very Quickly and Approximately 50% of the Dose is Excreted in the Urine as the ____ Drug
Parent
With Cephalosporin Antibiotics, the ____ Binds to the Transpeptidase Enzyme (Penicillin Binding Protein) and Prevents it from cross-linking the Peptidoglycan Layers of the Growing Bacterial Cell wall. The Lack of Cross-Linking results in Structural Instability
B-Lactam Ring
*Cephalosporins are B-Lactam Antibiotics
True/False: Amphenicols are very Lipid Solube and Cross Barriers to achieve therapeutic Concentrations in the Brain, Prostate ect.
True
Due to ____ Risk associated with Handling Chemotherapy Drugs, the Person handling them should wear Protective Equipment, such as Gloves and Mask, and Drawing up and Reconstituting should be done under a Fume Hood, away from High-Traffic areas and Biohazard Disposal
Occupational
*Only those trained in handling Chemotherapy drugs should be handling the drugs or the patient. Gloves and Masks should be worn to prevent inhalation of particles or splashing on skin
____ are Less Active in Pus and at Low pH
Fluoroquinolones
Chemotherapy drugs that Bind to DNA residues and cause Cross-Linking which prevents replication
Platinum Compounds
*More commonly used in Carcinomas
Chemotherapeutics are ____ Drugs, where there is Significant Risk to those Handling them and Occupational Safetey is a Concern
Cytotoxic
*Most chemotherapy agents will be used under controlled settings in a clinical environment
*Chemotherapy Drugs have a Narrow Therapeutic Index
Want to Avoid use of Rifampin in ____ Animals due to Teratogenicity
Pregnant
*May Cause Abnormalities in the Fetus
Lomustine can cause Myelosuppression, Thrombocytopenia and Chronic ____ which is Irreversible
Hepatotoxicity
*Monitor ALT Values
Gram ____ Bacteria are more Susceptible to B-Lactam Antibiotics, like Penicillin, because of their Thick Cell Wall and Lack of an Outer Membrane
Positive
*Gram Negative are Inherently more Resistant- Outer Membrane and Less Cell Wall
Fluoroquinolone Toxicity concerns include ____ in Young, Growing Animals
Arthropathy
*Important Side Effect of Fluorquinolones- Can lead to Permanent Articular Cartilage Damage
*Avoid these Drugs in Young, Growing Animals
Macrolide that Accumulates in Host Phagocytic Cells which Prolongs Clinical Effects allowing for Single-Dose Treatment. This Macrolide is Labeled for Beef and Non-Lactating Dairy Cattle and Swine and may have a Better Efficacy against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Tulathromycin
Macrolide that is Primarily used in Cattle and Swine for Antibiotic-Responsive Diarrhea that is Administered as an Oral Powder that is Mixed in Water
Tylosin
*GI Signs Far Less than with Erythromycin
Vomiting is a Significant Side Effect of What Macrolide Drug? Especially when Used Orally
Erythromycin
*Used as a Prokinetic in Small Animals
Sulfonamides do Not Work well in ____, as it contains a lot of PABA
Pus
Sulfonamides and DHFR Inhibitors are Generally well Absorbed orally, Although ____ Undergoes Ion Trapping and Degradation in the Rumen of Cattle which can limit Efficacy
Trimethoprim
Amphenicol Drug that is Generally Used Orally most often for the Treatment of MRSA/MRSP in Small Animals that is Illegal in Food Production animals
Chloramphenicol
True/False: Marcolides and Lincosamides are Bacteriocidal and Time-Dependent Antibiotics
False
*Bacteriostatic- They Inhibit Protein Synthesis
_____ Should not be Given Orally in Guinea Pigs, Chinchillas, Horses, and Ruminants
Penicillin
*All B-Lactams should not be given Orally in these Species
Second Generation Cephalosporin usually Given IV to Treat Serious Infections
Cefoxitin
*Effective Against Anaerobes
Severe Side Effect in Cats on Doxycycline and other Tetracycline Drugs
Esophageal Stricture
*Doxycycline in Cats- Esophageal Strictures. Chase with Water to Avoid Esophageal Strictures
Antibiotic that Inhibits the Beta Subunit of Bacterial DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase in Bacterial Cells, altering the Production of RNA
Rifampin
Patients receiving chemotherapy should be housed ___ from high traffic areas of the Hospital
Away
Resistance to Cephalosporins can be Inherent (Gram Negative) or chromosomally Mediated or Plasmid Mediated through Production of ____
B-Lactamases
*Acquired Resistance
Nitrofuran Drug Given Orally used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections in Small Animals
Nitrofurantoin
Drug that Inhibits Bacterial Cell Membranes and acts Mainly against Gram Negative Bacteria
Polymyxin B
*Gram Positive Bacteria are generally not affected by Polymyxin B
Carbapenem Drug that has Fewer Side Effects used in Small animals with Highly Resistant Gram Negative Infections
Meropenem
Glycopeptide whose Adverse affects include Histamine Release, and Rarely Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity
Vancomycin
*Only Give Diluted IV Slow Infusion
Cephalosporin that is most commonly used Prophylactically in Surgery
Cefazolin
True/False: Children and Pregnant Clients should NEVER handle Chemotherapeutics
True
Process done on a Sample of Cancer itself and Given indicators as to how aggressive the Tumor is
Grading
Two Sulfonamide/DHFR Inhibitors that are Combined for Oral or Injectable used in Small Animals and Equines for Various Infections such as Toxplasma and Neospora
Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Surgical Removal in which the Intention is not to completely excise the Cancer but Simply to reduce its Mass
Debulking
Antibiotic that Affects the Cell Membrane by Binding to the LPS of the Outer Membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria and act as Cationic Detergents to Disrupt Phospholipid Membranes. Once Disrupted, the Cell cannot Maintain Normal Homeostasis and Dies
Polymyxin B
*Only Drug we Learned that Disrupts Bacterial Cell Membranes!- Mainly Just break down Phospholipid Membranes
Two Situations where Empirical Treatment may be Considered with Chemotherapy
Cost Concerns
Anaplastic Cancer
*If Definitive Diagnosis is Precluded because of Cost then Expensive treatment and Monitoring is also not an Option. Empirical Treatment with Low-Toxicity chemotherapy drugs is sometimes Considered
*If cancer is so Anaplastic that a Definitive Diagnosis is not Possible then aggressive therapy may be necessary
Cell Wall Inhibitory Drug that is Mainly Active against Gram Positive Bacteria that is Generally used Orally or Topically. Topically used in Small animals and Horses as part of the “Triple Antibiotic” Ointment
Bacitracin
*Triple Antibiotic Ointment- Bacitracin + Neomycin + Polymyxin B
True/False: Cross-Resistence is Present between Streptogramin B and Macrolides/Lincosamides
True
_____ Tests are tests that look for markers that can indicate whether a cancer is more or less likely to be responsive to treatment, such as c-kit testing and Immunophenotyping
Specialized
Common Adverse effect of Chemotherapy drugs that is Life-Threatening causing a Severe Neutropenia
Bone Marrow Suppression
*Leads to Immunosuppression and severe Neutropenia
Tetracycline that is Used Uncommonly in Small animals as an Alternative to Doxycycline when it is in Low Supply
Minocycline
*Higher Oral Bioavailability in Horses than Doxycycline
Chemotherapy drug Group that contains one or more alkyl Groups which convert to highly reactive intermediates. They are cell-cycle specific drugs used in combination protocols for a variety of Neoplasms
Alkylating Agents
*Used commonly for Lymphomas and Carcinomas
Drug that can be used with Cyclophosphamide to reduce the risk of Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Mesna
Semisynthetic Penicillin that is used Broader Spectrum against Gram Negative Bacteria that is used Frequently in Small Animal, Equine and Cattle
Ampicillin/Amoxicillin
*Affective Moreso against Gram Negative, but also Still Affective against Gram Positive Bacteria
True/False: It is better to Discuss Cancer Treatment with your Client Early On, because the more they Understand the course of the Disease and Realistic Outcome expectations the more Compliant they wil be and more Satisfied with your Service
True
Antibiotics that Inhibit DNA-Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV which Unwind the DNA Superhelix and Separate the New DNA Molecules that are Essential to Bacterial Replication
Fluoroquinolones
Sulfonamide/DHFR Inhibitor used to Treat Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis caused by Sarcocystic Neurona
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine
Third Generation Cephalosporin commonly Used in Small Animal for Gram Negative Infections
Cefpodoxime
*Converted to Active Antibiotic after GI Absorption
Drug that Inhibits Bacterial Protein Synthesis that is Very Effective against All Gram Positive Bacteria and is a Last Resort for MRSA and Resistant TB in Humans
Linezolid
BUN and Creatitine
*If you have a Patient on Aminoglycosides and you are just measuring BUN and Creatinine by the Time they increase there will already be significant Renal Damage.
*Urine GGT:Creat Ratio is the Most Sensitive and Best to Use to Monitor Renal Damage when Administering Aminoglycosides
“Go To” Oral Tetracycline, that should Never be administered IM/SC
Doxycycline
*Only used Orally
True/False: More Chloramphenicol is Excreted in the Urine of Cats than in the Urine of Dogs
True
*Cats have reduced Glucuronidation so urinary Excretion is greater than 25%, but in Dogs there is Minimal Urinary Excretion
Some Chemotherapy agents are Potent ___ and cause significant damage if any of the drug goes extravascular during administration
Vesicants
*Anyone administering a Vesicant should know what to do in case of Extravasation- Suction drug out of the Area, local Infusion of Saline, and Cold Packing the area
Almost All Gram ____ Bacteria are Sensitive to Vancomycin
Positive
*Gram Negative Bacteria are Resistant to Vancomycin because the Large Glycopeptide cannot Penetrate their outer Membrane
Cure Refers to Complete Eradication of the Cancer, which is a Rare Goal of Veterinary Oncolgy. _____ refers to a Decrease in or Disappearance of Signs and Symptoms of Cancer, where the Cancer may be Undetectable by available tests but is not Gone Completely
Remission
*Still Cancer Cells in the Body
Three Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors (DHFR) that can be Given in Combination with Sulfonamides
Trimethoprin (Most Common)
Ormetorpim
Pyrimethamine
*Antimicrobials that are Always used in Combination with Sulfonamides. Usually Sulfonamides are Not Given Alone Anymore
Glucocorticoids that suppress Mitosis in Lymphocytes and thus are considererd Lymphocytic so are Useful in the Treatment of Lymphoreticular Neoplasms
Prednisone / Prednisolone
Cephalosporin Antibiotic that is administered as a Prodrug-ester that is absorbed well in the GI and is converted to Active Antibiotics after GI absorption
Cefpodoxime
Amphenicols are classified at _____ drugs that are Broad Spectrum with activity against Gram Negative, Gram Positive and Anaerobic Bacteria with some activity against Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia
Bacteriostatic
Three Big Therapeutic options for Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
*Some cancers will be far more responsive to one of these than the Others and in many cases a combination of treatments will be Ideal
The Potential Risks and expected Side effects are Typically Higher with Cancer ____, but the Risks/effects of Not Treating are also higher than with Non-cancer dieases
Chemotherapy
Semisynthetic Penicillins that Have More Gram Negative Coverage than Natural Penicillins, while also Treating Against Gram Positive Bacteria
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
*Step up from Natural Penicillin (Penicillin G), because Semisynthetic Penicillins have more Gram Negative Coverage while also Killing Gram Positive Bacteria as well
Resistance to Amphenicols tends to be via Enzymes such as _____, which are Plasmid Mediated in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
Acyltransferase
*Amphenicols don’t have much Resistance because they are not used Often
True/False: Macrolides and Lincosamides are Contraindicated in Small Ruminents and Adult Horses
True
*Avoid Oral Use in Ruminants and Adult Horses
True/False: Hair Loss/Alopecia is not as great a concern with veterinary Patients as it is in humans
True
*Only see in Dogs with Continously Growing haircoats- the follicle must be actively growing for the drug to attack it. Shaved Areas may grow back slowely
Penicillins are Hydrolized in the ____, some Semisynthetic Penicillins have Side Chains attached to protect against Hydrolysis
Stomach
*Poor Oral Availability with Some Penicillins
Drugs that are used most commonly Against Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus
Amphenicols
*Ex. Chloramphenicol
Sulfonamide that is Specifically Designed to Workin in the Gut and is Not Well Absorbed, Instead in the Colon it is Cleaved into its Components and the Mesalazine exerts its Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Sulfasalazine
*Cleaved into Mesalazine. Sulfasalazine is Not absorbed in its Parent Form
____ Generation Cephalosporins are considered the Best Broad Spectrum Cephalosporin with Good Coverage against Gram Positive, Gram Negative and Anaerobic Bacteria
Second
Bacterial Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides Occurs readily usually involving a change in the 50s Subunit that Impairs ____ to the Site of Action
Binding
Treatment aimed at Preserving the Quality of Life of a Patient without specific Focus on Prolongation of Life. Holistic Treatment process that can Involve treating Numerous things in your patient as well as emotional Support for the Client
Palliative Care
*Equal to Hospice Care. The Part of care that is not directly trying to Treat the Disease, but instead improve quality of Life- Pain Control, Nausea Managment ect.
First Generation Cephalosporin for Parenteral Use Only that is Commonly used in Small Animals and Horses and Prophylactically in Surgery
Cefazolin
Toxicity issues with what Group of Antibiotics include Yellowing of Teeth in Growing Animals, Vomiting, Esophageal Stricture, and Superinfection in Horses
Tetracyclines
Nitroimidazoles are very effective against _____ Bacteria and Protozoal Organisms
Anaerobic
Drugs that are Osteoclast Inhibitors that Concentrate in areas of Bone Remodeling and Induce Osteoclast Apoptosis, making them useful in a variety of Bone Neoplasias such as Osteosarcoma and Metastatic Bone Disease
Biphosphonates
*Pamidronate (IV) and Alendronate (Orally)
True/False: Aminoglycosides are Effective in Anaerobic Environments
False
*Aminoglycosides are Only Effective in Aerobic Environments
Serious Adverse Effect of Amphenicols, such as Chloramphenicol, that is more commonly seen in Cats
Bone Marrow Suppression
Penicillins may be Combined with ____ Inhibitors to combat Resistance
B-Lactamase Inhibitors
Nitrofurans are Bacteriostatic and Most Active in ____
Urine
*Acid Urine Increases their Efficacy
B-Lactams that are Broad Spectrum with Activity against Gram Positive, Gram Negative, and Pseudomonas as well as some Anaerobes but are not Resistant to Staph or Enterococci
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins are Well Absorbed ____ in Small animals and they are Poorly Lipid Soluble so they Stay confined to the ECF and reach High Concentrations in the Kidneys, Synovial Fluids, Lungs and Skin
Orally
Main Serious Adverse Effect of Aminoglycosides
Renal Injury/Acute Renal Failure
*Will Need Close Monitoring of Renal Function
The Surgical ____ refers to the Rim of Healthy tissue that is Excised around a cancerous Lesion. If Excision is the Goal then this should include a certain amount of tissue in which not cancer cells are found.
Margin
*Margins are Inspected Microscopically and if no cancer cells are found they are considered “Clean”
Cytotoxic Antibiotic that can cause Chronic, Irreversibe and dose dependent Cardiomyopathy that can occur and it typically seen in dogs with Dobermans, Rottweilers, and Giant Breed Dogs
Doxorubicin
*To Avoid this, a maximum dose should not be Exceeded (180-240mg/m2)
Third Generation Cephalosporin labelled for Pyoderma due to Staph and Strep in Dogs and Pasteurella in Cats
Cefovecin
Glyocpeptide that Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis by Binding to the Peptidoglycan “ends” thus preventing Both Formation of the Long Peptidoglycan Polymers needed to Form the Cell wall as well as Impairing Cross-Linking of the Polymers that do form. This leads to Structural Instability
Vancomycin
____ Generation Cephalosporins have Mainly Gram Positive Coverage with more Broad Spectrum Gram Negative Coverage
First
*Coverage Similar to Ampicillin
Which Drug Group should be Avoided in Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Gerbils and Rabbits because it can lead to Clostridial Overgrowth in the GI Tract and Eventually Death
Penicillins
*Avoid B-Lactams in these Species
Drug that Binds to the Protein that is Responsible for Bringing the “Building Block” Polypeptide units that are used to Make Peptidoglycan layers of the Cell Wall
Bacitracin
Bacteria Produce B-Lactamase to Defend against B-Lactam Antibiotics. We can Combine B-Lactam Antibiotics with B-Lactamase Inhibitors such as _____ and ____ that will Compete with the Enzyme and Thus Spare the Antibiotic so it can do its job
Clavulanic Acid
Sulbactam
True/False: Penicillins are generally of Low Toxicity but can be associted with Hypersensitivity Reactions
True
True/False: Macrolides and Lincosamides have Numerous Drug-Drug Interactions and Patients need to be Checked if they are On Other Medications
True
Aminoglycoside used Uncommonly in Small Animals Orally to Alter GI Microflora “Gut Sterilization” in Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Neomycin
Tetracycline Drug that is mainly used in Food Animals as a Water and Feed Additive
Chlortetracycline
Aminnoglycoside that is Administered Intrauterine and Intra-Articular in Horses for Treatment of Septic Arthritis in Foals
Amikacin
Macrolide that is Given Orally in Small Animal and Equine and Given as an Injection in Cattle
Erythromycin
Carbapenem Antibiotic that will Always be combined with Cilastin to Delay Metabolism, Increase the Half Life of the Drug, and Reduce Renal Toxicity
Imipenem
The Nature of most Chemotherapy drugs is to Destroy Rapidly ____ Cells
Dividing
Special Sulfonamide analod used as a Colonic Antibacterial/Anti-Inflammatory
Sulfasalazine
Streptogramins are mainly effective against Gram ____ Aerobes and Anaerobes
Positive
Penicillins are 30% metabolized in the Liver and undergo ____ Secretion in the Kidney, leading to High Concentrations of Unchanged Drug in the Urine
Active
Round Cell Tumors are most Amendable to Diagnose via Cytology, while ____ Tumors are usually very difficult to diagnose via Aspiration
Mesenchymal
*Usually need Biopsy to get Definitive Diagnosis in Cancers
Most commonly used Cytotoxic Antibiotic that Inhibits Topoisomerase II to Interrupt the Unwinding of DNA, Inhibiting DNA Helicase and Generating Free Radicals
Doxorubicin
*Potent Vesicant
Fluoroquinolone that is Used in Cats that has Not been shown to cause Blindness
Pradofloxcain
*Do not Use in Dogs- Bone Marrow Suppression
Nitroimidazole that is used in Felines for Treatment of Tritrichomonas that has Greater Toxicity concerns than Metronidazole
Ronidazole
*More Efficacy against Tritrichomonas
Antibiotics that Block Protein Synthesis by Inhibiting Aminoacyl-Transfer-RNA from Binding to the 30s Subunit of the Ribosome which Prevents attachment of Incoming Amino Acids to the Polypeptide Chain
Tetracyclines
*Proteins will not be made Properly
Staging a Patient for presence or absence of____ will be important in helping to determine the best course of treatment
Metastasis
Alkalyting Agent that is Orally Adminitered and does not require Hepatic bioactivation. This drug is very commonly used to treat Multiple Myeloma
Melphalan
Drug that is capable of causing Tissue Necrosis when Extravasated, when the Drug is administered outside the Blood Vessel
Vesicant
*Usually occurs accidentally due to Movement or Poor Placement of an IV needle or catheter
*Cannot get a Drop of these Drugs outside of the Vessel or else it will cause Tissue Damage
True/False: One of the Biggest Differences between Cancer treatment and Treatment of other Medical conditions is that often our goal is to Prolong Duration and Quality of Life, not to Fix the Problem
True
*There are times where the Goal will shift during the course of Treatment as the Disease Progresses
The Primary Cancer is where the Caner Started, while foci of Cancerous Cells distant from the Original Neoplasma are ____
Metastases
*Lungs and Liver are Two major Organs of Metastasis
Natural Penicillin that is Excellent against Gram Positive Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Penicillin G
Carbapenem Drug that is Uncommonly used in small Animals for Highly Resistant Gram Negative infections that must Be Given Dilute as Slow IV infusion
Imipenem
True/False: All Injectable Chemotherapy treatments will take place in Clinic and the greatest concern will be Occupational Exposure to Staff
True
Are Penicillins Bacteriastatic or Bacteriacidal?
Bacteriacidal
*Penicillins are B-Lactam Antibiotics- Bacteria Explode
Antibiotic that Inhibits DNA/RNA Bacterial Synthesis that is Broad Spectrum and mainly used for treatment of Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus Equi
Rifampin
What Dog Breed is at a Higher Risk for Hypersensitivity Reactions when Taking Sulfonamides
Dobermans
Chemotherapeutics that are Structural Analogs of Normal Cellular Molecules such as Folic Acid and Purines that Impair DNA synthesis and are Specific to the S-Phase of the Cell Cycle
Antimetabolites
Penicillin that Competitively Inhibits B-Lactamases to Increase Efficacy
Clavulanic Acid
(aka Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid)
Bacterial Cell Walls are comprised of Layers of _____ that are Crossed-Linked to Each Other for Stability
Peptidoglycans
Sulfonamide Resistance can be Chomosomal but more Commonly is Plasma Mediated Consisting of Decreased Drug Penetration and Increased ____ Synthesis or Changes in Target Enzyme
PABA
*Bacteria will Synthesize More PABA to Compete with Sulfonamides, making them less Efficacious
Sulfonamides will affect ____ Measurements and Testing should not be Done in Patients on these Antibiotics
Thyroid
With Cancer Therapy ____ is very Important because:
- The treatments are often Much Costlier than average Meds
- Treatment outcome is only Generally Predictable
- Treatment may be ongoing the Rest of Patients Life
- Monitoring and Numerous Office Visits are Involved
Cost
True/False: Amphenicols are Time-Dependent Antibiotics
True
Mammalian Cells do not Possess Cell Walls and are Not Targeted by B-Lactam Antibiotics, meaning these antibiotics have a Lower ____ in General in Mammals
Toxicity
For Some Chemotherapeutic drugs there are Expected ____ Effects where you need to Anticipate a Transient Period of Negative Effects and plan for the extra treatment these require
Adverse
Alkylating Agent that is administered orally and has a very wide Distribution and can be used for CNS Neoplasms
Lomustine
The Most significant Resistance Mechanism of Fluoroquinolones are Chromosomal Mediated changes in DNA ____ or Topolsomerase IV and Multidurg Membrane Efflux
Gyrase
*DNA gyrase (Gram Negative) and Topolsomerase IV (Gram Positive)
Nitroimidazoles are Banned in _____ Animals
Food Producing
BNP Ointment ( Bactracin/Neomycin/Polymyxin) has been associated with Fatal Anaphylactic Reactions in what Species?
Cats
*Be Aware if Using “Triple Ointment” in Cats
