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BOOT CAMP Flashcards

1
Q

Axial vs. Abaxial

A

Line btw digit 3-4 axial closer to the line

abaxial farther away from line

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2
Q

How do you number digits?

A 
From medial to lateral
#1 is sometimes called dew claw
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3
Q

Dorsal vs palmar (manus)

A

Dorsal vs plantar

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4
Q

Dorsal vs palmar (manus)

A

Dorsal vs plantar

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5
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

toward the bod vs farther away from the body

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6
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

toward the bod vs farther away from the body

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7
Q

Superficial vs deep

A

superficial and deep layers of muscles

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8
Q

Dorsal Plane

A

Above the skull, lumbar region

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9
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Off to one side of the Median Plane

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10
Q

How to interpret anatomical terms?

A

meaning: beginning with the prefix, then proceed to the first part of the word and follow through.

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11
Q

Suffix

A

Modifies the meaning of the word

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12
Q

Roots

A

the foundation of the word

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13
Q

Prefix

A

modify the meaning of the root of a word

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14
Q

Terminology

A

Directional terms

Common prefixes, word roots, etc

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15
Q

What is the Menisci/articular disc and its location?

A

Structures that are articulation plates that act as cushions between articular surfaces
Articular discs: are found in the temporomandibular (TMJ) joints
Menisci (singular= meniscus) are found in the genual joints

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16
Q

What are the categories and descriptions of ligaments?

A

Categories: extracapsular (outside of the fibrous part of the joint capsule)
Intracapsular: within the confines of the fibrous part of the joint capsule
Ex: stifle joint has both
Collateral ligament: in both sides of the bone, found mostly in the appendicular synovial joints

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17
Q

What is the Function of ligaments?

A

stabilize and unite skeletal components

ex: crucial ligaments

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18
Q

Ligament and tendon what is the difference?

A

Ligament: band of connective tissue that connects two or more bones or cartilages together
Tendon: band or cord of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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19
Q

Components of synovial joint

A

Synovial fluid: protects the joint
Joint capsule: Fibrous layer, synovial layer
Articulation cartilage: closest to bone

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20
Q

Types of Synovial joints

A 
Plane
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Trochoid
Ellipsoid
etc.
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21
Q

Synovial joints

A

Very moveable
Ex: stifle joint (only in the pelvic limb)
In horse front limb is Carpal joint
-Synovial fluid present
-Divide in simple (elbow) or compound (humerus and tibia, phalanges) joint

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22
Q

Fibrocartilaginous joint is and example?

A

Uniting connective tissue is fibrocartilage

ex: pelvic symphysis, intervertebral discs, mandibular symphysis.
ex: weaker T-10 and L-3 in dogs and rapture.

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23
Q

Fibrocartilaginous joint is and example?

A

Uniting connective tissue is fibrocartilage

ex: pelvic symphysis, intervertebral discs.

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24
Q

Hayline cartilage joint is? and examples of where it is located?

A

Uniting connective tissue

Many are temporary and ossify with age

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25
Syndesmosis
between metacarpal and metatarsal is the syndesmosis joint | -Fibours connection: intermetacarpal and intermetatarsal joints
26
Gomphosis subtype of joint is found where?
Periodontal (right on the tooth) formed by the ligament periodontal ligament Dental implantations Incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
27
Suture type joints are found where?
Skull Allow growth of the skull Joints the flat bones of the skull ex: frontal bones and parietal bones are bilaterally symmetric (SOFT SPOT: joint in middle)
28
Suture type joints are found where?
Skull Allow growth of the skull Joints the flat bones of the skull
29
Fibrous Joints
``` little to no movement Subtypes: Sutures Gomphoses And.. ```
30
What is the Nutrient foramen?
The largest single source is nutrient artery Where the Nutrient artery passes through Their position is fairly consistent for each bone
31
Apophysis is?
Outgrowth of bone
32
Metaphysis plate is?
the rapid growing, flared segment of a bone located on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
33
Epiphysis plate is?
end/extremity of the bone
34
Physis plate is?
Where the diaphysis and epiphysis come together
35
What is Diaphysis plate?
Is the body region of the bone
36
Intramembranous Ossification
No cartilage model is involved Bones form directly Peri-osteal.. On the bone
37
Endochondral Ossification
Initial formation of cartilage during embryonic development that is reabsorbed and replaced with bone Primary Centers Secondary Centers -Cartilage plate (physis); separate different regions of bone remains btw & separates adjacent centers until bone is mature (humans 25 years of age). Once closed they stop growing -Continuous cartilage production w/ subsequent resorption and ossification at these plates is what allows a developing bones to ELONGATE
38
Bone Marrow
``` Red marrow (hematopoietic marrow): blood cell production Yellow marrow (fatty marrow): fatty content ```
39
Spongy Bone a.k.a
Trabecular or cancellous bone | Found in the extremities of long bones, forms internal substance
40
Compact Bone a.k.a
a.k.a dense or cortical bone
41
Heterotopic
Bones in normal, but unusual locations - Os penis of the dog & large spp of cats - Os cordis of the ox - Os rostrale of the pig (bone of the nose in pigs that allows digging/rooting)
42
Appendicular
Bones of the limbs
43
Axial
Skull Vertebral column Ribs Sternum
44
Sesamoid Bones
Seed-shaped Imbedded in tendons ex: Patella (knee cap) largest in body Several others associated with certain muscles
45
Bone formula for dog and cat
Dog: C-7, T-13, L7, S-3, Ca-15-20 (varies, e.g., tail clipped) Cat: Same for cat
46
Types of processes
Dorsal | Transverse
47
Irregular Bones
Characterized by jutting process ex: bones of pelvis Vertebrae (plural) T-10 to L-3 dogs most susceptible to degeneration
48
Pneumantic Bones (Flat bones)
Excavated to contain air-filled spaces ex: paranasal sinuses In birds found outside the skull , communicate extensively with the respiratory system
49
Flat Bones
Example: scapula (singular) Scapulae (plural) Significantly reduced in one dimension ex: ribs, skull bones,
50
Short Bones
Equidimensional in all major planes Cuboidal shape Examples: carpal and tarsal bones
51
Long Bones
Examples: humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpal and metatarsal bones, phalanges. Elongated in one axis Act as levers Found only in the
52
Structure Classification
Compact (denser) | Spongy (less dense, blood production sites)
53
Location Classification
Axial (across vertebrae) from head down to tail Appendicular (front legs, hind legs, shoulder blade to manus) Heterotopic (Bone in genitalia) ex: Os Pinus (male)
54
Shape classification
``` Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid ```
55
Structure Classification
Compact | Spongy
56
Location Classification
Axial (across vertebrae) Appendicular Heterotopic
57
Shape classification
``` Long Short Irregular Flat Seseamoid ```
58
General Osteology
Study of the bone
59
What type of tool is the only appropriate one to use for putting the scalpel blade on?
*Use a needle holder/driver for scalpel knife/blade
60
What type of tool is the only appropriate one to use for putting the scalpel blade on?
*Use a needle holder/driver for scalpel knife/blade
61
Nuchal ligament:
Landmark for the Epaxial muscles observation
62
Longus colli:
Origen: Insertion: Action:
63
Longus coli:
Origen: Insertion: Action:
64
Longus cervis
Origen: Insertion: Action:
65
Longus capitis
Origen: Insertion: Action:
66
Where and what is the functio of Sternothyriodeus muscle? NOT STERNOHYOIDEUS
Origen: Insertion: Action:
67
Where and what is the function of the Sternohyoideus muscle?
Muscles of the tongue and pharynx Origen: Insertion: Action:
68
What and where are the neck epaxial muscles?
Sternocephalicus (mastoid part & occipital part)
69
What are the three regions in which the epaxial muscles divide?
The neck The thorax the abdomen
70
What are the dog's Hyplaxial muscles?
The hypaxial group encompasses all the trunk muscles not included in the epaxial division
71
What are the dog Epaxial muscles? What is their function?
The epaxial muscles lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are associated with the vertebral column and ribs. They may dive into three parallel longitudinal muscle masses on each side. 1) The Lateral iliocostalis system 2) The intermediate longissimus system 3) The medial transversospinalis
72
What is the location of the following in the skull, (Occipital bone Caudal view)? Squamous Part Lateral Part Basel Part
``` Squamous Part: Occipital protuberance Nuchal Crest Lateral Portion: Foreman Magnum Occipital Condyles Jagular Process ```
73
What is the function/action of the digastricus muscle?
The only masticatory muscle that works to open the mouth
74
What is the function/action of the temporal muscle?
The strongest masticatory muscle on carnivores
75
Where is the glenoid cavity in the scapula?
From the ventral view, it is the distal or articular end that forms the glenoid cavity
76
Where and what is the shelf bone of the scapula?
The spine, which divides into two nearly equal fossae
77
Where and what is the acromion?
It is the truncated process at the distal end
78
What muscles raises from the acromion?
Deltoidous muscle
79
What is the name for the entire lateral cranial surface of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
80
What is the name for the entire lateral caudal surface of the scapla?
Infraspinous fossa
81
Where is the serrated face of the scapula?
It is a small cranial and proximal area in the medial/costal side, where the Serratus Ventralis muscle inserts.
82
Where and what is the subscapular fossa?
The large remaining part/area of the costal/medial surface of the scapula, where the subscapularis muscle rises from.
83
What are the angles and borders of the scapula?
``` Cranial angel Cranial border Caudal angle Caudal border Dorsal border ```
84
Where is the scapular notch?
The concave part of the cranial border that forms a neck
85
What is the eminence at the cranial part of the glenoid cavity?
The Supraglenoid tubercle
86
What is the small tubercle that forms a process near the supraglenoid tubercle?
Coracoid process, which has a slight medial inclination
87
What is the tubercle that beard from the caudal border proximal to the ventral angle?
Infraglenoid tubercle (medial view of supraglenoid tubercle)
88
What is the part of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
The head
89
Where is the greater tubercule?
Caudal view of humerus, the articular area craniolateral part of the proximal extremity/epiphysis
90
What tubercule lies on the medial side of the proximal/epiphysis extremity humerus?
The lesser tubercule
91
What groove begins at the cranial end of the articular area of the humerus?
The intertubercular groove (cranial view)
92
What is the neck of the humerus?
It is the line along which the head and parts of the tubercles have fused with the body
93
What is the crest of the greater tubercle?
The ridge that extends proximally in a craniomedial direction on the greater tubercle
94
Where and what is the deltoid tuberosity?
It is rough and in the cranial view distal part from the greater tubercle on the lateral surface , where the deltoideus muscle inserts.
95
What is the Teres Major Tuberosity?
Rough area where the crest of the lesser tubercle crosses the proximal end of the medial surface and ends distally.
96
What is the other name for the distal epiphysis of the humerus?
Humeral Condyle and it includes its articular areas
97
What is the supracondyle crest?
Lateral surface distal extremity from caudal view: area above the lateral condyle.
98
Where is the lateral condyle? attachment site for extensor muscle
Eminence below the lateral supracondyle crest
99
Where is the suprathroclear foramen and what is the depression area around it?
The whole, but the area around it in the cranial view is the radial fossa
100
Where is the radial fossa?
On the cranial view the depression around the suprathroclear foremen of the humerus
101
Where is the Olecranon fossa?
The depression area around the suprathroclear foremen on the caudal view
102
Where is the capitulum?
Cranial view, it is on the distal epiphysis articulation area. It is the medial side part whereas the lateral side is called the throclea

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